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CRISPR CAS 9
1
The Science and Ethics of Gene Editing
CRISPR is an RNA-guided gene-editing platform that makes use of a bacterially derived protein (Cas9) and a synthetic guide RNA to introduce a double strand break at a specific location within the genome
- CRISPR is a mechanism that allows cells to record, over time, of the viruses they have been exposed to.
- Those bits of DNA are passed on to the cells' progeny
- The CRISPR technology was used to disrupt a gene by making a tiny change in the DNA in a gene that is responsible for the black coat color of mice.
- Imagine that these white mice differ from their pigmented litter-mates by just a tiny change at one gene in the entire genome, and they're otherwise completely normal.
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF CRISPR
- They envisioned using the CRISPR system for genome engineering because cells have the ability to detect broken DNA and repair it
- So, if we have a way to introduce double-stranded breaks into DNA at precise places, we can trigger cells to repair those breaks, by either disruption or incorporation of new genetic information.
GENOME EDITING
- DESIGNER BABIES (PGD and IVF)
- DOPING (injected yourself to become better athletically)
- GM ANIMALS (mosquitoes resistant to malaria)
- GM PLANTS
- WILL BE ACCEPTABLE
CRISPR CAS-9
DNA Structure
Consists of two strands of nucleotides that form a twisted ladder or DOUBLE HELIX.
- Little bits of RNA from the CRISPR locus associate with the protein called Cas9 (which is white in the picture) and forms a complex
- It searches through all of the DNA
- When site is found, this complex associates with that DNA, allowing the Cas9 cleaver to cut the DNA
- The complex is programmable
cells are protected from viruses not only in one generation, but over many generations of cells.
The CRISPR locus is effectively a genetic vaccination card in cells.
Once those bits of DNA have been inserted into the bacterial chromosome, the cell then makes a copy of RNA, that is an exact replicate of the viral DNA.
These integrated bits of viral DNA get inserted at a site called CRISPR. CRISPR stands for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.
When viruses infect a cell, they inject their DNA.
And in a bacterium, the CRISPR system allows that DNA to be plucked out of the virus, and inserted in little bits into the chromosome
How?
- CRISPR technology came about through a basic research project that was aimed at discovering how bacteria fight viral infections.
- Bacteria have to deal with viruses in their environment
- many bacteria have in their cells an adaptive immune system called CRISPR,
- allows them to detect viral DNA and destroy it.