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Hotspot Awareness

Rough 737 GA Cost?

Sterile Cockpit

  • Hotspots are areas on an airport surface which have been deemed to have high runway incursion risk and which command increased vigilance from flight crews.

$1,048.72

  • While only a part of our SAFTEY passenger briefing, always briefing a sterile cockpit is an excellent way of reminding all crew and passengers to limit talking to bringing attention to other aircraft or vehicles/obstacles which might prove hazardous until after takeoff.

Cost of Verifying ATC Clearance?

KORD Hotspots

Free.

Routing

Oops.

  • Check NOTAMS for runway/taxiway closures, construction, etc.
  • Supplement by listen to ATIS, which can contain information about runway/taxiway closures as well as other surface operations, like LAHSO
  • After obtaining a taxi clearance from ATC and checking it for discontinuities (covered later)...
  • Brief the assigned route.
  • Include all turns, taxiways, hold shorts, and crossing clearances.

Which took more damage? Winglet or ego?

While not directly related to our scenario, these are examples of hotspots at O'Hare.

Discontinuities

Planning

Surface Ops

Briefing

  • In the case of UAL 1015 and GTI6792, it would have been difficult for the pilots to discern the error.
  • Atlas 6792 ought to have been suspicious of UAL's takeoff clearance due to their closure rate on the intersection.
  • If in doubt, always verify with ATC!
  • If something feels wrong, better to check than to find out.

Clearances

Pre-Taxi Knowledge

  • During flight planning, taxiway/runway layout is often overlooked.
  • Surface movements should be planned and briefed with as much vigilance as other phases of flight.
  • Be familiar with all airport lighting and markings, as these are critical to safe surface operations.
  • Review airport diagram and A/FD while planning and before taxi.
  • Read back all ATC clearances
  • Do not accept any clearance you do not understand.
  • Never accept a LAHS clearance if you're not 110% positive you will stop prior to the intersection.
  • If given a LAHS clearance without a reason gven and haven't heard back in 90 seconds, initiate the call.
  • Simply reviewing the airport information and creating a plan is likely not enough.
  • Brief the plan you make and update as needed
  • Runway incursion avoidance requires vigilance while operating on the surface, and also while on approach.

Focus

  • We've all heard it a million times, but that's probably because it's important.
  • "Where are your eyes right now?", "keep your eyes outside", and "keep your scan going" are reminders that the Mark I eyeball is the best device for spotting traffic, both in the practice area, and the operations area.
  • So, keep 'em outside while taxiing.

Distractions

More Incursion Avoidance

There seems to be something alluring to pilots, especially students, about performing checklists during times when special attention is needed even when the pilot isn't distracted, such as leveling off, immediately following an engine failure, and when taxiing.

Don't do it.

Checklists

  • Complete as many checklists tasks as you can before taxi.
  • Configure NAV devices, GPS FLPs, and FMS setup prior to taxiing.
  • If you must complete items while taxing, complete a flow and verify before run-up.
  • Without a clearance, pilots should never cross a runway hold-short line or, if the ILS is in use, the ILS critical area line.
  • Scan both ends of a runway well before crossing an intersection or taxiing into position for takeoff.
  • After landing, ensure the tail is clear of the hold short line. Otherwise, you're still "on" the runway and you may cause an incursion or GA.

Overview

Definition:

Pilot's Roles

AC 91-73

NTSB Probable Causes

Using information from

AC 91-73, we'll:

  • Explore how GTI 6972 and UAL 938 could have contributed to avoiding the runway incursion
  • How all pilots can do the same

"any occurrence at an airport

involving an aircraft, vehicle, person, or object on the

ground that creates a collision hazard or results in a

loss of separation with an aircraft taking off, landing,

or intending to land"

(Airplane Flying Handbook 1-5)

"The failure of the ORD tower south local controller to monitor Atlas Air flight 6972, B747, on

arrival to runway 14R and subsequently clearing United Airlines flight 1015, B737, for takeoff

on intersecting runway 27L causing a loss of separation between the two aircraft."

Missing from the NTSB's list is any mention of how the pilot's might have helped mitigate the possibility of this accident.

Every pilot has a responsibility to mitigate the risks of runway incursions.

  • Runway Incursion Avoidance has seen increased attention from the FAA in recent days.
  • The CFI PTS has been updated to include the topic in almost every section.
  • AC 91-73 includes guidelines developed to help increase pilot situation awareness and mitigate incursion risks.

The FAA identifies the following three areas as key to mitigating runway incursion risks:

  • Communications
  • Airport Knowledge
  • Cockpit Procedures

"It is an experience common to all men to find that, on any special occasion [...] everything that can go wrong will go wrong. Whether we must attribute this to the malignity of matter or to the total depravity of inanimate things, whether the exciting cause is hurry, worry, or what not, the fact remains."

--Nevil Maskelyne

Written Instructions

Visibility

?

Low Visibility Hazards

Writing down ATC clearances does multiple things to aid in mitigating incursion risks and boosting SA.

  • Complex clearances are hard to remember. Jotting it down lets you come back to it if you forget.
  • When it comes to analyzing a clearance for discontinuities, written notes can help to ensure you understand and help you to notice problems.
  • Runway Incursion risk varies inversely with visibility. As visibility goes down, increased vigilance is required.
  • This includes: precipitation, fog, haze, and IFR due to clouds of birds on short final to runway 13
  • Aircraft blind spots can also reduce visibility during surface operations, particularly at diagonal intersections.

AC 91-73 has excellent examples of good short hand for these.

Exterior Lighting

  • Lights help others see your aircraft both day and night, but especially at night.
  • According to AC 91-73, position, anti-collision, navigation, logo lights, and the beacon should be turned on for taxi and all lights should come on while crossing runways. The taxi light may be turned on and off when taxiing or stopped.
  • Use your best judgment with lights at night and be respectful.

Runway Incursion Avoidance

Flight Instructor Theory - LeTourneau University

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