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Terrorism

Atmospheric nuclear explosions are associated with mushroom clouds, although mushroom clouds can occur with large chemical explosions, and it is possible to have an air-burst nuclear explosion without these clouds. Nuclear explosions produce radiation and radioactive debris.

The energy released from a nuclear weapon detonated in the troposphere can be divided into four basic categories,

• Blast—40–50% of total energy

• Thermal radiation—30–50% of total energy

• Ionizing radiation—5% of total energy (more in a neutron bomb)

• Residual radiation—5–10% of total energy with the mass of the explosion

A primary form of energy from a nuclear explosion is thermal radiation. Initially, most of this energy goes into heating the bomb materials and the air in the vicinity of the blast. Temperatures of a nuclear explosion reach those in the interior of the sun, about 100,000,000° Celsius, and produce a brilliant fireball.

FIRST ATOMIC EXPLOSION

TOP 3 WORST NUCLEAR DISASTER IN THE HISTORY

  • There is no agreement as to how many people have died as a result of this disaster, but most estimates place the number of casualties at 5000-6000.
  • About 100 people were killed in the immediate aftermath of the accident. 600,000 workers took part in the decontamination – they were called “liquidators”.

Here are four major terrorist groups active in the Philippines today:

Top 5 Most Dangerous Terrorist Organizations in the World

  • The Moro National Liberation Front
  • The Moro Islamic Liberation Front,
  • Abu Sayyaf
  • New People's Army.

The first three are Islamic groups that operate primarily in the south of the nation, where most of the country's Muslim minority live.

1. The Islamic State of Iraq and the

Levant

2. Boko Haram

3. Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-

Quds Force

4. Haqqani Network

5. Kataib Hezbollah

TYPES OF TERRORISM

LIMITED POLITICAL TERRORISM

Acts of limited political terrorism are one-time acts of violence aimed at making a political or ideological statement in response to a government policy or action. Perpetrators of limited political terrorism have no goal to overthrow a government.

OFFICIAL OR STATE TERRORISM

Referring to nations whose rule is based upon fear and oppression that reach similar to terrorism or such proportions.

it may also be referred to as Structural Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of their foreign policy.

NON-POLITICAL TERRORISM

Terrorism that is not aimed at political purposes but which exhibits "conscious design to create and maintain high degree of fear for coercive purposes, but the end is individual or collective gain rather than the achievement of a political objective.

QUASI TERRORISM

  • Violent act that utilizes the same methods terrorists employ, but does not have the same motivating factors.

For example, if a man holds a group of civilian hostages in his attempt to evade police, or to escape, he has used the same method as a terrorist group, but for a different goal.

CIVIL DISORDER

A form of collective violence interfering with the peace, security, and normal functioning of the community.

POLITICAL TERRORISM

Violent criminal behavior designed primarily to generate fear in the community, or substantial segment of it, for political purposes.

  • CIVIL DISORDER
  • POLITICAL TERRORISM
  • NON-POLITICAL TERRORISM
  • QUASI TERRORISM
  • LIMITED POLITICAL TERRORISM
  • OFFICIAL OR STATE TERRORISM

Causes of Terrorism

-That explanation of the causes of terrorism may be difficult to swallow. It sounds too simple, or too theoretical. However, if you look at any group that is widely understood as a terrorist group, you will find these two elements are basic to their story.

All terrorist acts are motivated by two things:

  • Social and political injustice:

People choose terrorism when they are trying to right what they perceive to be a social or political or historical wrong--when they have been stripped of their land or rights, or denied these

  • The belief that violence or its threat will be effective, and usher in change. Another way of saying this is: the belief that violent means justify the ends. Many terrorists in history said sincerely that they chose violence after long deliberation, because they felt they had no choice.

  • Zionists who bombed British targets in 1930s mandate Palestine felt they must do so in order to create a Jewish state.

  • The IRA (Irish Republican Army) bombed English targets in the 1980s to make the point that they felt their land was colonized by British imperialists.

  • In the 1960s and 1970s, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine felt that armed attacks in Israel were a justifiable response to the usurpation of their land.

  • Osama bin Laden's declaration of war on American interests in the 1990s stemmed from his belief that U.S. troops stationed in Saudi Arabia represented an abomination to the kind of Islamic state he believed should exist in the Arabian peninsula.

The “most universally accepted” definition of terrorism, which is the following:

  • Terrorism is the use of violence to create fear (i.e., terror, psychic fear) for (1) political, (2) religious, or (3) ideo- logical reasons (ideologies are systems of belief derived from worldviews that frame human social and political conditions).

The terror is intentionally aimed at noncombatant targets (i.e., civilians or iconic symbols), and the objective is to achieve the greatest attain- able publicity for a group, cause, or individual.

Terrorism is different from murder, assault, arson, demolition of property, or the threat of the same; the reason is that the impact of terrorist violence and damage reaches more than the immediate target victims (e.g., government or military).

  • Terrorism lies the word "TERROR"
  • Terror comes from the Latin "TERRERE", which means “frighten” or “tremble.”
  • When coupled with the French suffix ism (referencing “to practice”), it becomes akin to “practic- ing the trembling” or “causing the frightening.”

• Trinity Site - World's First Nuclear Explosion

  • Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon, conducted by the United States Army on July 16, 1945, as part of the Manhattan Project.
  • The test was conducted in the Jornada del Muerto desert about 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Socorro, New Mexico on what was then the USAAF Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range (now part of White Sands Missile Range).
  • The only structures originally in the vicinity were the McDonald Ranch House and its ancillary buildings, which scientists used as a laboratory for testing bomb components. A base camp was constructed, and there were 425 people present on the weekend of the test.

ARSON

JOHN "Pillow Pyro" ORR

  • is a convicted serial arsonist who was once a fire captain and arson investigator for the Glendale Fire Department in Southern California.
  • Orr had originally wanted to be a police officer, but had failed his entrance exam; instead he became a dedicated fire investigator and career fire officer.
  • Throughout the 1980s and 1990s Los Angeles was plagued by a series of fires that cost millions of dollars in damages and claimed four lives. John Orr was found to be the cause of most of those fires. During his arson spree, Orr was given the nickname the Pillow Pyro by arson investigators.

Number of Fires: About 2,000

People Killed: Four

Cost: Tens of millions of dollars of property

damage

MODUS OPERANDI

Orr used the same incendiary device for all his blazes: a cigarette attached to a book of matches wrapped in paper with cotton and bedding (hence the nickname), secured with a rubber band. The cigarette would burn down, and the matches would ignite the paper and bedding. In 1984, a fire at a local hardware store killed four people—including a 2-year-old child—and destroyed the building and nearby establishments.

  • Defined as purposely setting fire to a house, building or other property.
  • Arson is the second leading cause of death by fire in the U.S. An estimated 500 Americans died in arson-related fires.
  • Arson caused more than $2 billion in property damage.
  • Only 19% of arson cases resulted in arrest, and only 2% were convicted.
  • 50% of arsonists are under the age of 20 (40% are under 15 years old).

ARSON

  • Fire burns up and out (v-pattern).
  • Presence of a combustible material is needed.
  • Needs fuel and oxygen to continue
  • Spread influenced by air currents, walls and stairways.

ARSONIST- A PERSON WHO COMMITS THIS CRIME.

1. TSAR BOMBA

TSAR BOMBA

NUCLEAR EXPLOSION

  • The RDS-220 hydrogen bomb, also known as the Tsar Bomba, is the biggest and most powerful thermo nuclear bomb ever made.
  • It was exploded by the Soviet Union on 30 October 1961 over Novaya Zemlya Island in the Russian Arctic Sea.
  • Tsar Bomba contained three stages, unlike normal thermonuclear weapons that explode in just two stages.

A nuclear device can range from a weapon carried by an intercontinental missile launched by a hostile nation or terrorist organization, to a small portable nuclear device transported by an individual. All nuclear devices cause deadly effects when exploded, including blinding light, intense heat (thermal radiation), initial nuclear radiation, blast, fires started by the heat pulse and secondary fires caused by the destruction.

A nuclear explosion is an explosion that occurs as a result of the rapid release of energy from a high-speed nuclear reaction. The driving reaction may be nuclear fission, nuclear fusion or a multistage cascading combination of the two, though to date all fusion based weapons have used a fission device to initiate fusion, and a pure fusion weapon remains a hypothetical device.

2. B41 nuclear bomb - 25Mt

TOP 3 MOST POWERFUL ATOMIC BOMB

  • B41 or Mk-41 with a yield of 25Mt is the most powerful thermonuclear weapon ever fielded by the United States.
  • Deployed by the Strategic Air Command, this thermonuclear weapon was tested in the early 1960’s.
  • It was much more powerful than its predecessors weighing more than 25 megatons. It was prepared for the time of the cold war.
  • The fuel which was used in the bomb was lithium-6 enriched and a powerful fission jacket.

3. B-53 Nuclear Bomb

THE B-53 NUCLEAR BOMB

B41 nuclear bomb - 25Mt

DURING

AFTER

THE BLAST WAVE

IONIZING RADIATION

THERMAL RADIATION

  • One of the most high yield bunker buster and nuclear based weapon, the B-53 was developed in times of the cold war.
  • It was manufactured by the United States Atomic Energy Commission.
  • Nearly 340 of such bombs were made which remained in service till the year 1997.
  • is radiation that carries enough energy to free electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them. Ionizing radiation is made up of energetic subatomic particles, ions or atoms moving at high speeds (usually greater than 1% of the speed of light), and electromagnetic waves on the high-energy end of the electromagnetic spectrum.

A fraction of a second after a nuclear explosion, the heat from the fireball causes a high-pressure wave to develop and move outward producing the blast effect. The front of the blast wave, i.e., the shock front, travels rapidly away from the fireball, a moving wall of highly compressed air.

RESIDUAL RADIATION

HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI

1. Hiroshima and Nagasaki

The residual radiation from a nuclear explosion is mostly from the radioactive fallout. This radiation comes from the weapon debris, fission products, and, in the case of a ground burst, radiated soil.

The fireball shortly after detonation.

3. Fukushima, Japan – 2011 (INES Level 7)

  • On August 6, 1945, during World War II (1939-45), an American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima.
  • Wiped out 90 percent of the city and immediately killed 80,000 people; tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure.
  • Three days later, a second B-29 dropped another A-bomb on Nagasaki, killing an estimated 40,000 people.

  • It was an energy accident at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, initiated primarily by the tsunami of the Tōhoku earthquake on 11 March 2011.
  • The damage caused by the tsunami produced equipment failures, and without this equipment a loss-of-coolant accident followed with three nuclear meltdowns and releases of radioactive materials beginning on 12 March.

2) Chernobyl, Ukraine (former Soviet Union) – 1986 (INES Level 7)

CHERNOBYL DISASTER

  • The Chernobyl disaster (also referred to as Chernobyl or the Chernobyl accident) was a catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the town of Pripyat, in Ukraine (then officially the Ukrainian SSR), which was under the direct jurisdiction of the central authorities of the Soviet Union.
  • The Chernobyl disaster was the worst nuclear power plant accident in history in terms of cost and casualties.

HUMAN-INDUCED HAZARDS

HUMAN-INDUCED HAZARD

  • Also know as Anthropogenic hazards
  • Hazards caused directly or indirectly by human action or inaction.
  • Environmental hazards may be very different from human hazards.
  • May adversely affect humans, other organisms and biomes and eco-systems.

INTENTIONAL HUMAN-INDUCED EVENTS

Include whose when people purposely cause

the destruction, such as warfare, social conflict, or even terrorism.

UNINTENTIONAL EVENTS

While still failures in technological systems, are accidental in nature. For instance, people intentionally caused the Oklahoma City Bombing and the World Trade Center Attack.

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