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1950s- ADHD added to the DSM
1980- DSM III was published with a stronger emphasis on childhood disorders- Added ADD to the list of disorders
1990's- prevalence of physician visits for childhood diagnoses increased fivefold
-How do we efficiently treat such a large population?
Focuses on the unconscious and past experiences to understand and regulate behavior
Goal: To build a strong relationship with others
Controversy: Is medication the most effective treatment for children with ADHD?
ADHD arises from disturbances in ego-functioning
Comstock, E. J. (2011). The end of drugging children: Toward the genealogy of the ADHD
subject. Journal Of The History Of The Behavioral Sciences, 47(1), 44-69.
doi:10.1002/jhbs.20471
Conway, F. (2012). Psychodynamic psychotherapy of ADHD: A review of the literature.
Psychotherapy, 49(3), 404-417. doi:10.1037/a0027344
Foltz, R. (2010). Medicating Our Youth: Who Determines Rules of Evidence?. Reclaiming
Children & Youth, 19(2), 10-15
Foltz, R. (2012). Twenty years of medicating youth: Are we better off? Reclaiming Children &
Youth, 20(4), 31-36
Kluger, J., Cray, D., Park, A., Klarreich, K., & Whitaker, L. (2003). Medicating young minds. (Cover
story). Time, 162(18), 48-58.
Isaacs, D. (2006). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Are we medicating for social
disadvantage? (For). Journal Of Paediatrics & Child Health, 42(9), 544-547. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2006.00919.x
Mayes, R., & Erkulwater, J. (2008). Medicating kids: Pediatric mental health policy and the
tipping point for ADHD and stimulants. Journal Oo Policy History, 20(3), 309-343.
Mayes, R., Bagwell, C., & Erkulwater, J. L. (2009). Medicating children : ADHD and pediatric
mental health / Rick Mayes, Catherine Bagwell, Jennifer Erkulwater. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 2009.
Mayes, R., & Rafalovich, A. (2007). Suffer the restless children: the evolution of ADHD and
paediatric stimulant use, 1900-80. History Of Psychiatry, 18(72 Pt 4), 435-457.
Musser, E. D., Galloway-Long, H. S., Frick, P. J., & Nigg, J. T. (2013). Emotion Regulation and
Heterogeneity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal Of The American Academy Of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(2), 163-171.e2.
Nguyen, K., & Cantor, G. (2006). Historical and Cultural Institutional Analyses of the Emergence
of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Conference Papers -- American Sociological
Association, 1.
Regina, B., Mirka, K., Kenji, N., Dana, M., Gillian, M., & Cynthia W., G. (n.d). Willingness to use
ADHD treatments: A mixed methods study of perceptions by adolescents, parents, health professionals and teachers. Social Science & Medicine, 74(Part Special Issue: Sights for health rights: Local, national, regional and global), 92-100. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.10.009
Stroh, J., Frankenberger, W., Cornell-Swanson, L., Wood, C., & Pahl, S. (2008). The Use of
Stimulant Medication and Behavioral Interventions for the Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Survey of Parents’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Experiences. Journal Of Child & Family Studies, 17(3), 385-401. doi:10.1007/s10826-007-9149-y
Wedge, Marilyn. (2011). Suffer the children: The case against labeling and medicating and an
effective alternative. Publishers Weekly, 258(3), 44.
White, G. B. (2005). Splitting the Self: The Not-So-Subtle Consequences of Medicating Boys for
ADHD. American Journal Of Bioethics, 5(3), 57-59. doi:10.1080/15265160591002890
-Positive long-term outcomes
A: Theory that outside forces can be an overwhelming source of anxiety
-Medication treatments still prove to be more effective
B: Theory that ADHD is highly
determined by the child-parent relationship
-Trauma
-Family Challenges
....Results such as these further feeds the debate
"The assumption that all psychiatric disorders are rooted in brain dysfunction is a slippery slope leading to reckless application of treatments with little understanding of the long-term implications on child and youth development."
-Robert Foltz
-heavily rooted in the theory of behaviorism
Teachers often first suggest the diagnosis (51.8%)
-Focuses on the idea that we learn from our environment
They often suggest that the child should be medicated
Why are the incidences of ADHD referrals so high?
-Main objective: to reinforce desired behaviors while simultaneously eliminating undesired behaviors
-simply higher incidence of ADHD?
-poor classroom management?
-inability of the teacher to apply
behavior analysis techniques?
If most psychologists think
medication is not the best treatment option for ADHD...
Parents report that the most influential professional in terms of treatment are physicians
Literature and Posters in physician's offices: funded by pharmaceutical companies
Often leads to: One-sided view
Pharmaceutical Companies
Parents
3 main groups:
Teachers
Media
Children in the combo group showed significantly greater improvement
Study by Jennifer Stroh et al.
Surveys were completed by parents with children diagnosed with ADHD, and by parents whose children were not diagnosed with the disorder
Results:
-All parents believed that medication had short-term positive effects
-Only parents with children with ADHD believed there were long-term benefits as well.
-Parents with children with ADHD were blind to the negative side effects of the medication.
-Self-Justification?