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a quality that evokes pity or sadness.
expressed through words, pictures or even with gestures of the body.
method of convincing people with an argument drawn out through an emotional response
an important tool of persuasion in arguments
In chapter 8 of Mark Twain’s “Adventures of Tom Sawyer.
“He had meant the best in the world, and been treated like a dog—like a very dog. She would be sorry someday—maybe when it was too late. Ah, if he could only die TEMPORARILY!”
Tom arouses feelings of pity in readers’ minds by telling how the girl, whom he loved, treated him like an animal despite his honest feelings for her. He wishes he had died and then she would feel sorry for him.
Example #2
Mr. Collins’ confession to Elizabeth that he wants her to be his future partner evokes feelings of sympathy in readers as they feel an emotional intensity in his proposal. Jane Austen’s “Pride and Prejudice” is well known for its pathos.
“Believe me, my dear Miss Elizabeth, that your modesty adds to your other perfections. But you can hardly doubt the object of my discourse, however your feminine delicacy may lead you to dissemble. For, as almost as soon as I entered the house, I singled you out as the companion of my future life!”
represents credibility or an ethical appeal
a writer or speaker will make use of a typical type of argument called an “ad hominem argument”. It is an argument “against the man,” undermining the ethos of a speaker or a writer in opposition.
“Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man”.
(Of Studies by Francis Bacon)
This example is exact, precise and compact with arguments as well as a deduction or conclusion. At first, Bacon points out what is reading, conference and writing and simultaneously gives the logic and reasoning to read, write or conference
the principle of reason and judgment
a means of convincing others of the character or credibility of the persuader.
Logos mostly employs the utilization of inductive and deductive reasoning methods to be effective.
Logos examples may be classified according to the following categories:
Inductive reasoning – Inductive reasoning involves a specific representative fact or case which is drawn towards a conclusion or generalization.
Deductive reasoning – Deductive reasoning involves generalization at the initial stage and then moves on towards the specific case.
cite facts and statistics, historical and literal analogies, and citing certain authorities on a subject.
1)“Our expertise in roofing contracting is evidenced not only by our 100 years in the business and our staff of qualified technicians, but in the decades of satisfied customers who have come to expect nothing but the best.”
The advertisers try to build up their credibility with their customers by mentioning the experience they have in the field and the technical expertise of their staff.
2)“Doctors all over the world recommend this type of treatment.”
People tend to believe the opinions of doctors in the matter of medical treatments.
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Logos
Ethos
Pathos