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Who uses Pre Performance Routines?

Behaviours

Psychological Strategies

How does this all work in 'reality'?

The future of Pre Performance Routines

Anticipation / Reaction

Open

Closed

Reference List

Basketball Free Throw

Golf putting

Rugby Goal Kicking

Cricket batting

Racquet sports

Baseball batting

Football pass

Rugby pass

Invasion sports

ADAMS.J.A., 1961, The second facet for forgetting: A review of warm-up decrement, Psychological Bulletin, 58

BOUTCHER.S.H., 1992, Attentional and Athlete Performance: an integrated approach, In HORN.T.S., Advances in Sport Psychology, Champaign: Human Kinetics

COHN.P.J., 1990, Preperformance routines in sport: theoretical and practical applications. The Sport Psychologist, 4

COTTERILL.S.T., 2010, Pre-performance routines in sport: current understanding and future directions, International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3 (2)

COTTERILL.S.T., 2011, Experiences of developing pre performance routines with elite cricket players, Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 2

COTTERILL.S.T., R.SANDERS and D.COLLINS, 2010, Developing effect pre-performance routines in golf: Why don’t we ask the golfer?, Journal of applied sport psychology, 22

COTTERILL.S.T., D.COLLINS, & R.SANDERS, 2014, Developing effective pre-performance routines for golf: Implications for the coach, Atheltic Insight, 6(1)

FITTS.P.M and M.I.POSNER, 1967, Human Performance, Belmont: Brooks and Cole

FOSTER.D.J., D.A.WEIGAND and D.BAINES, 2006, The effect of removing superstitious behaviour and introducing a pre-performance routine on basketball free throw performance, Journal of applied sport psychology, 18

(Cohn, 1990; Singer, 2000; Jackson & Baker, 2001; Cotterill et al., 2010; Cotterill, 2011; Yancey et al., 2011; Cotterill et al., 2014)

Researchers strongly suggests that PPRs should be individualised

Cotterill et al (2010)

  • Personality
  • Coping resources
  • Situational demands

Moderating factors

GAYTON.W.F., K.L.CIELINSKI, W.J.FRANCIS-KENISTON and J.F.HEARNS, 1989, Effects of preshot routine on free throw shooting, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 68

GENTILE. A.M., 1972, A working model of skill acquisition with application to teaching, In MAGILL.R.A., Motor Learning: concepts and applications, Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown

JACKSON.R.C and J.S.BAKER, 2001, Routines, Rituals and Rugby: Case Study of a World Class Goal Kicker, The Sport Psychologist, 15

LAUTENBACH.F. S.LABORDE, C.MESAGNO, B.H. LOBINGER, S.ACHTZEHN & F.ARIMOND, 2015, Nonautomated Pre-Performance Routine in Tennis: An Intervention Study. Jounral of Applied Sport Psychology, 27(2)

LEE.S., K.LEE, & S.KWON, 2015, Developing and Instructing Pre-Performance Routines for Tenpin Bowling Competitions, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 120(3)

LIDOR.R and Z.MAYAN, 2005, Can beginning learners benefit from preperformance routines when serving in volleyball?, The Sport Psychologist, 19

LOBMEYER.D.L and E.A.WASSERMAN, 1986, Preliminaries to free-throw shooting: Superstitious behavior? Journal of Sport Behavior, 9,

LONSDALE.C and J.T.M.TAM, 2008, On the temporal and behavioural consistency of pre-performance routines: An intra-individual analysis of elite basketball players free throw shooting accuracy, Journal of sports science, 26 (3)

MACK.M., 2001, Effects of time and movements of the preshot routine on free throw shooting, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 93(2)

MCCANN.P., D.LAVALLEE and R.M.LAVALLEE, 2001, The effect of pre-shot routines on golf wedge shot performance, European Journal of sport science, 1 (5)

MESAGNO.C., D.MARCHANT and T.MORRIS, 2008, A pre-performance routine to alleviate choking in ‘choking-susceptible’ athletes, The Sport Psychologist, 22

MORAN.A.P., 1996, The psychology of concentration in sports performers: A cognitive analysis, Hove: Uk, Psychology Press

SCHMIDT.R.A., 1975, A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning, Psychological review, 82 (4)

SINGER. R. N. , 1988, Strategies and meta-strategies in learning and performing self-paced athletic skills. The Sport Psychologist, 2, 49-68

SINGER.R.N., 2000, Performance and human factors: considerations abut cognitions and attention for self-paced and externally paced events, Ergonomics, 43 (10)

SKINNER, B. F., 1938, The Behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis. New York: Appleton-Century

SOUTHARD.D., A.MIRACLE and G.LANDWER, 1989, Ritual and Free-throw shooting in basketball, Journal of Sports Sciences, 7

WRISBERG.C.A and R.L.PEIN, 1992, The preshot interval and free throw shooting accuracy, The sport psychologist, 6

YANCEY.A., D.R.CZECH, B.JOYNER, D.ZWALD and N.GENTNER, 2011, The experience of preshot routines among professional golfers: An existential phenomenological investigation , Journal of Excellence, 14

  • Group PPRs
  • Functionality of PPRs
  • Task demands influencing PPRs
  • Chronic benefits of PPR
  • PPR development

When athletes learn a skill they start to built preparatory behaviours (Cotterill, 2011)

Successful execution = positive reinforcement

Behaviours learnt through reinforcement

Skinner 1938 Operant Learning

(Jackson & Baker, 2001; Cotterill et al., 2010)

Various psychological strategies are utilised by athletes during their pre performance routines

Different psychological strategies used by different athletes, even on the same task

(Clowes & Knowles, 2012)

Cognitive behavioural routines significantly out perform behavioural routines during testing

Adams (1961)

(Southard et al., 1989; Predebon & Docker, 1992; McCann et al., 2001)

Cotterill's (2011) five steps:

  • videotaping performance
  • clarifying behaviour meaning
  • functions for each behaviour
  • routine construction
  • practice

Singer's (1988) five step model

  • readying
  • imaging
  • focusing
  • executing
  • evaluating

How would you develop a PPR?

Warm up decrement = initial drop in performance

Warm up or readjustment of the mental 'set' helps to minimise warm up decrement

Set Hypothesis

Limitations for these studies

'imagine an arch from arrow tip to target'

What function is behind these psychological strategies?

Only measure acute effects or benefits - re-testing within 12 weeks

Athletes commonly report using:

  • Imagery

  • Self-talk

  • Relaxation techniques

'rhythym' or 'one two one two'

Lee et al (2015) highlighted that participants found learning psychological strategies difficult

Athletes have reported:

  • Attentional control (external distal)

  • Adjust arousal levels

  • Control anxiety

Familiarisation to the PPR - some studies only developed a PPR for 15 minutes before re-testing (Mesagno et al., 2008)

Prescribed v individualised study design

(Jackson & Baker, 2001; Cotterill et al., 2010; Yancey et al., 2011 )

(Jackson & Baker, 2001; Cotterill et al., 2010; Yancey et al., 2011 )

Behaviours should be task relevant

Functionality of behavioural content

(Cohn, 1990; Moran, 1996; Cotterill, 2010)

Consistency = significant performance benefits

Authors prescribed:

  • Concentration cues
  • Relaxation
  • Reduced distractions

However athletes reported:

  • Attentional control
  • Concentration
  • Comfort
  • Rhythm

(Lobmeyer & Wasserman, 1986; Gayton et al., 1989; Wrisberg & Pein, 1992; Mack, 2001; McCann et al., 2001; Lidor & Mayan, 2005; Lonsdale & Tam, 2008)

Removal/re-ordering = significant decrease in performance

(Marlow et al., 1998; Foster et al., 2006; Lautenbach et al., 2014).

(Cotterill et al., 2010; Yancey et al., 2011; Clowes & Knowles, 2012)

(Gayton et al., 1989; Southard et al., 1989; Mack, 2001; Foster et al., 2006)

Do task demands effect behavioural routine content?

YES!

Cotterill et al. (2014) behavioural routine content changes depending upon task demands

Initial conditions e.g. glances at target to gauge distance

Expected sensory specifications e.g. practice putts

Response specification - actual v expected outcomes

Response outcome - the outcome reinforced?

Recall Schema

Recognition schema

Schema Theory

Schmidt (1975)

Theoretical underpinning

Schema Theory

(Schmidt, 1975)

Set Hypothesis

(Adams, 1961)

Operant Learning

(Skinner, 1938)

Pre Performance Routines

Benefits

Boutcher (1992) suggested

Definition

'A sequence of task relevant thoughts and actions which an athlete engages with systematically prior to his or her performance of a sporting skill'

Pre dominantly utilised within closed self-paced skills

(Cohn, 1990; Singer, 2000; Cotterill, 2010)

Open – closed skill continuum

(Gentile, 1972)

Closed

Anticipation / Reaction

Open

Basketball Free Throw

Golf putting

Rugby Goal Kicking

Cricket batting

Racquet sports

Baseball batting

Football pass

Rugby pass

Invasion sports

  • improvement in concentration
  • avoids focusing on negatives
  • enhances motor schema selection

Moran (1996, p177)

  • prevent warm up decrement
  • avoid focusing on mechanics of the skill

by Adam Kelly

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