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3. Being With

Swanson's Caring Model

Being emotionally present to the other and conveying that his or her experiences matter to the nurse. This involves being there, giving time, listening attentively, conveying availability, sharing feelings, and not burdening.

2. Knowing

4. Doing For

Doing for the other what that person would do for the self if possible. This involves anticipating, performing competently and skillfully, protecting, and preserving dignity.

Striving to understand events as they have meaning in the life of the other. This involves avoiding assumptions, centering on the one cared-for, assessing thoroughly, seeking cues, and engaging the self of both.

Studies done using Swanson's theory

5. Enabling

1. Maintaining Belief

By applying these five processes to nurse caring, nurses can promote the desired outcome of optimal patient long-term well-being.

Sustaining faith in the other’s capacity to get through an event or transition and face a future with meaning. This involves believing in, holding in esteem, maintaining a hope-filled attitude, offering realistic optimism, and “Going the distance.”

Facilitating the other’s capacity to grow, heal, and/or practice self-care. This involves informing and explaining, supporting and allowing, focusing, generating alternatives and thinking it through, and validating and giving feedback.

Kavanaugh, Moro, Savage, and Mehendale utilized Swanson's Theory of Caring in 2006 to recruit and retain participants for three studies on perinatal loss and life support decisions for extremely premature infants.

The topics of the studies were extremely sensitive and the participants were especially vulnerable.

The goal of applying Swanson's theory was to ensure the participants' well-being at all times, despite the sensitive nature of the research.

According to Swanson's theory there are five interrelated processes of caring:

How did they apply the theory?

1. Maintaining belief

2. Knowing

3. Being with

4. Doing for

5. Enabling

Kristen M. Swanson, Phd, RN, FAAN

1. Maintaining belief: Conveyed hope and realistic optimism when designing visual and written materials.

2. Knowing: Enlisted the help of expert professionals with specialization in high-risk pregnancy in every aspect of the recruitment and data collection processes.

3. Being with: All of the consents and interviews were done in person instead of over the phone.

4. Doing for: Enacted a number of measures to protect participants by avoiding coercion and maintaining confidentiality.

5. Enabling: Provided information and support to participants by offering to provide them with a list of local and internet support services and mental health resources.

  • Area of research interest is miscarriage and early pregnancy loss
  • Holds that nursing is informed caring for the well-being of others
  • States that the ultimate goal of nurse caring is to enable clients to achieve well-being by practicing self-caring to the fullest extent possible
  • Developed a middle-range Theory of Caring that focuses on five interrelated caring processes that promote patient well-being

Swanson's Theory of Caring

Rachel Collins

Purdue University Calumet College of Nursing

Thank You!

Case study

Patient JM is a 46-year-old female. She is in the hospital recovering from a colostomy procedure. Her nurse, Katie, incorporates Swanson's Theory of Caring into her care plan for JM.

References

Summary

According to Swanson's Theory of Nursing:

Kavanaugh, K., Moro, T. T., Savage, T., & Mehendale, R. (2006). Enacting a theory of caring to recruit and retain vulnerable participants for sensitive research. Research in Nursing & Health, 29(3), 244. http://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20134

Swanson, K. M. (1991). Empirical development of a middle range theory of caring. Nursing Research, 40(3), 161-166. Retrieved from http://nursing.sites.unc.edu/files/2012/11/ccm3_032548.pdf

Swanson, K. M. (1993). Nursing as informed caring for the well-being of others. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 25(4), 352-357. Retrieved from http://nursing.unc.edu/files/2012/11/ccm3_032549.pdf

[Untitled photograph of Kristen Swanson]. Retrieved from http://carolinanursingenews.com/2014/05/looking-back-on-kristen-m-swanson%E2%80%99s-deanship-2009-2014/

Application of theory

Weaknesses of the Theory

  • Developed based on 3 studies, all of which were focused on pregnancy and motherhood
  • Development and testing did not include any male participants

Nursing is informed caring for the well-being of others.

Caring consists of five interrelated processes: maintaining belief, knowing, being with, doing for, and enabling.

The ultimate goal of nurse caring is to enable clients to achieve well-being by practicing self-caring to the fullest extent possible.

1. Maintaining belief: Katie maintains an optimistic attitude and has faith that JM will be able to provide self-care for her stoma and enjoy a meaningful life.

2. Knowing: Katie assesses JM's emotional, psychological, and physical states. She centers her attention on JM and listens attentively.

3. Being with: Katie conveys an unhurried attitude and communicates availability and empathy toward JM.

4. Doing for: Katie initially performs stoma care for JM. In addition, she comforts her and treats her with dignity.

5. Enabling: Once JM is ready, Katie begins to teach JM how to perform self-care for her stoma, validating her efforts and providing feedback on her skills.

Strengths of the Theory

  • General enough to be applicable in a variety of contexts
  • Views the patient holistically
  • Enhances nurse-patient interactions
  • Promotes patient self-care
  • Theory is simple to understand and is logically constructed
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