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Transcript

What is Cultural Psychology?

Differences in Maori and Pacific Psychology

Difference between Race and Ethnicity:

Race does not tell us about human behaviour, but ethnicity does e.g. different ethnic groups will often share a culture

Well that's weird?

.

W E I R D

  • “The weirdest people in the world?” (Henrich, Heine & Norenzayan, 2010)
  • WEIRD: Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, Democratic
  • WEIRD samples, when compared to the rest of the world are often outliers
  •  WEIRD: Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, Democratic

What culture is not:

Similarities

To answer that, first we need to ask,

What is culture?

Culture is not a static construct, and is constantly changing with surrounding influences

It can be split into four categories

Deep

Nationality:

  • Political concept; the country or state that governs an individual’s environment and social opportunities

Race:

  • Traditionally, is the classification of people based on genetic make-up

Ethnicity:

  • Classification of people based on shared geographical, racial, linguistic, national and/or cultural heritages

 Facial expressions, gestures, body language

 However, deep culture can also be unobservable

 Concepts of self and time

 Attitudes towards work, elders

 Notions of friendship, beauty

Differences

The Observable:

(Deep culture can be observable)

 Behaviours

 Language

 Festivals

Surface

The Unobservable

 Food

 Holidays

 Music

 Games

 Worldviews

 Values

 Beliefs

(All surface culture is observable)

 Maori Psychology as a site of resistance

 Kaupapa Maori Theory as a radical approach to Psychology and a tool of empowerment and resistance

 Pacific psychology is still

developing

Key points

In essence:

Similarities

So there you have it.

Now you know all about cultural psychology, time to get tested

Strength based approach

Holistic

Positive outcomes

diversity of peoples =

diversity of knowledge

Differences

religiosity

spirituality

Positive

affirmation

belonging

connections

Cultural psychology

Presented to you by Beck's Babes

Cross Cultural Pschology

Maori Psychology

A few definitions to start with

This is Ellie

(except real life Ellie

doesn't have glasses)

She likes pressing buttings

that say 'do not push'

This is Anya

Her last name "Cropper" is

synonymous with failure and

anticlimax. We sure hope this

presentation wont be too.

This is Derrian

She likes Flossing

This is Saliha

She likes changing lightbulbs

and studying in elevators

This is Emily

She likes eating cereal

out of the box

Interaction of different cultures

And this is Hugo

(except hugo isn't bald)

Hugo enjoys long walks on

the beach and singing to

blind people

Mātauranga: Education, knowledge, wisdom, understanding, skill

Tikanga: Correct procedure, custom, manner and Practise

Whānaungatanga -relationship, kinship, and sense of family connection - a relationship through shared experiences and working together which provides people with a sense of belonging.

  • Acculturation occurs when someone crosses one cultural context to another and chooses how to connect their own culture and the new culture they are experiencing
  • (response of dominant group to the individual coming into the new culture will influence this)

Key Differences between Māori and Western Psychology

A timeline to consider:

present tday

Late 1700s

1907

1840

  • Māori have a unique psychology
  • Te Ao Māori (Māori world View ) co exists with mainstream views of New Zealand Society
  • Ethnocentrism = the idea that an individual’s culture influences the way they view the rest of the world
  • Their own culture is viewed as the norm and other cultures are seen as strange and inferior – the result of this is prejudice, discrimination and race

What is it, and why is it important?

Today

Colonisation

Loss of land and

early settlers arrive

Tohunga Suppression

act

Treaty of Waitangi

(Partnerships, participation

and Protection)

declining population

There is

  • over representation of Māori in Prison population
  • poorer health , housing and educational outcomes
  • Remaining gap between Policy and Practise

and a lack of

  • culturally appropriate and safe services
  • consultation with Māori

Different ways to approach cross cultural psychology

Western

Māori

Why does there need to be a change?

  • Comparing different cultures in different nations (eg. NZ and China)
  • Comparing different cultures in same nation
  • Comparing the same culture in different nations (eg. Chinese in NZ and Chinese in China)

  • Māori are dissatisfied with research conducted by non-Maori (experience and methodology)
  • There is misrepresentation of information, historic exploitation of Māori
  • Research often presented from a deficit position reiterating negative stereotypes, not beneficial to Māori

separate the mind and body, study cognition (and other psychological processes) without considering the broader picture.

focuses on psychological processes and cognition and how they are intrinsically connected to their wider physicality, to their bodies, spirituality and ancestral influences.

  • Cross cultural psychology is the study of similarities or differences between 2 or more culture groups

  • In relation to psychology this means we are looking at how cultures differ in the influence/affect on psychological processes

  • Understanding differences in culture can help with happy intergroup relations and an understanding for different beliefs, practises and ways of thinking

Difference in cultures can be explained using the individualist vs. collectivist focus

Collectivist

Individualist

interests of the group given priority

interests of individual given priority

Kaupapa Maori

take a look!

  • Research by Māori, for Māori and with Māori
  • Based on Principles of Tikanga Māori
  • Challenges the Eurocentric views presented within psychology
  • Culturally appropriate
  • Māori-centred agenda: issues and needs of Māori are the focus and outcomes

The Research...

  • gives full recognition to Māori cultural values and systems
  • considers Te Ao Māori (the maori perspective) at every stage of the journey
  • is a strategic position that challenges dominant Pakeha (non-Maori) constructions of research

Indigenous and Pacific

Psychologies

Participatory Action Research

  • Works to acknowledge the contributions communities make to research (seen as co researchers, not subjects or participants)
  • Research outcomes are based on change within the community, changing it from the inside.
  • Influenced by understanding the history, culture, and local context and embedded in social relationships within communities.
  • Empowering and leads to people having increased control over their lives.

What you need to know:

Pacific people make up 7.4% of NZ

• There are many Indigenous psychologies, including Pacific psychologies; not all Pacific nations entertain the same cultural values, customs and practices

• Pacific people in New Zealand have a median age of 22.1, the youngest median of all of the country’s ethnic groups

• Pacific people in New Zealand have higher rates of Mental Health Problems, substance abuse and others; however they have higher rates of ethnic pride. These come as a result of historical contexts

• Pacific cultures generally differ from Western cultures greatly; for example collectivist vs. individualistic, and geronotocratic vs. democratic

There are two frameworks used to understand pacific psychologies, here's the first:

And here's the second...

Fonefale (Samoan)

Te Vaka Atafaga (Tokelauan)

  • The person is the boat.
  • The mind, the navigator, guides one; spirituality is the sail, an unseen force also guiding; the outrigger, the support, represents the social side of one’s life; family is the lashing which holds a life together; the physical body is the hull and the environment is everything surrounding the vessel.

There exists a foundation (family), roof (culture), and four supporting beams (health, spirituality, mental, and other). The person is the fale and thus someone needs family as a strong foundation and culture to protect them from harm. The cocoon shape of the fale is also meant to represent the environment, time, and present context.

Also important in Tokelauan culture is the idea of inati, a value support system embedded in Tokelauan culture that ensures everyone is supported. E.g. If a mother is widowed, the community will ensure she gets enough food to feed her family.

Based on a fale

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