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Agusto César Sandino
Nicaragua, 1912-1933
Nicaraguan liberal and conservative factions go to war with each other, threatening US citizens and property (United Fruit).
US sends a bunch of Marines to protect US interests and they end up staying until 1933.
By the turn of the twentieth century, the United States becomes the predominant international power in the western hemisphere.
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
-Venezuela Crisis (1902)
-Roosevelt Corollary
Cuba wins independence from Spain but then falls directly under the influence of the United States.
From 1898-1903 US forced occupied Havana, and the US alone would decide when the Cubans were ready to take control of their own government.
Platt Amendment (1901): When the Cuban patriots sat down to write their new constitution, the US insisted on the inclusion of the Platt Amendment--The United States reserved the right to intervene in the affairs of Cuban governance anytime it saw fit.
This was the condition upon which U.S. troops would withdraw from Cuba. Even then, they stayed until 1903.
This sets the stage for US domination of Cuba right up to Fidel Castro's Revolution of 1959.
Máximo Gómez
Army of the Cuban Republic: Tampa and Jacksonville FL cigar workers--All Cuban
José Martí,
The Apostle of Cuban Independence
Cuban intellectual in exile.
Worked as a journalist in New York.
By 1898, Cuban Patriots had gained the upper hand against Spain. They were poised to win independence on their own.
Why did the US get involved?
"White Man's Burden" Pres. James McKinley believed Cubans to be racially "unfit" to govern their own affairs and needed the tutelage of a "civilized" power.
Monroe Doctrine was an excuse to kick the Spanish out of the hemisphere.
Imperialism intersects with global capitalism: Coca Cola and Hershey's were dying to get direct and unlimited access to Cuban sugar.
Doheny Oil (Mexico)
William Green's Cananea Consolidated Copper Company (Mexico)
U.S. Cerro de Pasco Copper Corporation (Peru)
United Fruit Company (Central America)
Neocolonialism--New colonialism: Latin American nations, free from the colonial influence of Spain since the early nineteenth century, are made de facto colonies of the United States and European powers through economic pressure and gunboat diplomacy.
Late nineteenth century export booms:
Chile--Copper and nitrates
Peru--Guano, wheat, and copper
Bolivin--Rubber and tin
Brazil--Beef, coffee, wheat, rubber
Argentina--Beef and wheat
Central America--Coffee and bananas
Mexico--Copper, silver, and oil
Cuba--Sugar
Rather than fighting the Colombians, Roosevelt just buys them!
Panama 1903