Carbon

Physical properties of carbon

• The word carbon originates from the latin word carbo which means coal.
• Carbon  is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6.
• It is non metallic and tetravalent; making four electrons available to form chemical bonds.
• Three isotopes of carbon occur naturally, C , C  and C .

Coal which a contains carbon

Some interesting facts about carbon

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• Carbon is the 15  most abundant element in the Earth's crust.
• However it is the fourth most abundant element in the universe.
• About 20% of the weight of living organisms is carbon.
• Car tires are black because they are about 30% carbon

A car tyre

12

13

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Carbon

our group

-Group Aftershock

A short video

Arjun

Hamza

Bonding of carbon

Harman

Functional Groups

Rohan

Our topic

• The most common type of bond formed by carbon is a covalent bond, where carbon shares electrons with other atoms.
• This is because if a carbon atom gains or loses electron(s) it becomes unstable.
• This property of carbon is what makes the element unique as it enables carbon to form much more compounds than other elements.

Carbon

Sharath

Structure of a carbon atom

• Functional groups are specific groups of carbon atoms or bonds within molecules that are responsible for specific characteristics of chemical reactions of those molecules.

• Physical properties of carbon
• Types of bonds formed by carbon
• Chemical characteristics of Carbon
• Functional groups
• Isomorphism

Some important points we will be talking about

• A carbon atom does not form an ionic bond.
• the valency of carbon is 4 as it contains 2 electrons in the K shell and 4 in the L shell.
• The most common type of bond between 2 atoms of carbon is a single bond.
• Other bonds include double bonds and triple bonds.

Different functional groups

Functional groups

Alkane

Example

Consists of a single bond between 2 carbon atoms.

CH3CH2CH3

Propane

Functional groups

Alkene

Example

Consists of a double bond between carbon atoms.

CH3CH=CH2

Propene

Alkyl halide

x

r

Example

Consists of a single bond between a halogen and a carbon compound.

CH3Br

Alkyne

Example

Methyl bromide

Conists of a triple bond between carbon atoms.

CH3C CH

Propyne

Carbo-hydro halide

r

cN

Consists of a single bond between a halogen and a carbon compound (in which carbon has double bond with the other atom present in the compound).

Hydro-carbo halide

r

nC

Consists of a single bond between a halogen and a carbon compound (in which other atom has triple bond with the carbon).

Functional groups

Aldehyde

Example

CH3CHO

Functional groups

Acetaldehyde

Alcohol

Example

Ketone

isotropism

oh

r

Consists of a single bond between a carbon and a hydroxide compound.

CH3COCH3

Acetone

Geometric isotropism

Isomerism

characteristics of bonds formed by carbon

• Geometric isotropism involves a double bond, usually C=C, that does not allow free rotation about the double bond (unlike a C-C single bond). They are not superimposable.

Example

CH3CH2OH

Carboxylic acid

Ethanol/ ethane alcohol

CH3CO2H

Isomerism…..?

Acetic acid

Optical isomerism

Catenation

• It is the linkage of atoms of the same element into longer chains.

• Optical isomerism involves an carbon atom, , bonded to four different atoms or groups of atoms. They exist in pairs, in which one isomer is the mirror image of the other.

Ester

• Isomerism is the phenomenon whereby certain compounds, with the same molecular formula, exist in different forms owing to their different organisations of atoms.

Example

CH3CO2CH3

Methyl acetate

Carbon forms 3 types of chains

Stereo-isomers

• Stereo-isomers have the same structure and bond order but their atoms and groups of atoms are arranged differently in space.
• They have different spatial arrangements and their molecules are not superimposable.
• Stereo-isomers may possess quite different physical properties, such as melting point, density and solubility in water

• Structural Isomers have different structural formulae because their atoms are linked together in different ways.
• It arises owing to arrangement of Carbon skeleton
• e.g. The formula C4H10 represents two possible structural formulae, butane and methylpropane:

Branched chain

Cyclic chain

Straight chain

There are two types:

• Geometric isotropism
• Optical isotropism

• These are primarily refered to as alkanes (in functional groups).
• They only contain C - C bonds.
• The hydrocarbon groups attached to these chain are called alkyl groups.
• Eg : Methyl and Ethyl

• A straight chain is made from carbon atoms in which a single carbon atom are joined onto no more than two other carbon atoms.
• These chains are the most simple type of chains among the three types of chain.
• Eg : Methane, butane

• A cyclic chain is a term for a carbon compound in which three or more series of C atoms in the compound is connected to form a ring.
• A cyclic hydrocarbon in which all of the carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds is cycloalkane.

Isomers: Butane and Methylpropane