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"A sequence of task-relevant thoughts and actions

which an athlete engages in systematically prior to

his or her performance of a specific skill"

(Moran,1996, p.177)

“Superstitions and Rituals control you,

while you control Routines”

Pre-Performance Routines

Pre-Performance Routine (PPR)

The moments prior to skill execution are crucial in deciding whether a performer achieves a peak performance state (Boutcher, 1990).

During this critical time researchers have advocated the use of a structured pre-performance routine (Boutcher, 1990; 1992; Lobmeyer & Wasserman, 1986; Lidor & Tenebaum, 1993).

Physical

Body language, Stretching, Body Scan, Centering, Breathing, Hydration/Nutrition

Support

- Enhance the recall of ideal physiological states

(Marlow et al., 1998)

Components of Performance

(Wrisberg, 2007)

PPR’s have consistently been shown to have a beneficial effect on performance.

Technical

Technical reminders required for certain performance e.g., grip, body position, required movements to execute task, practice movements

Support

- Act as a trigger for well learned movement patterns (Boutcher & Crews, 1987; Moran, 1996).

- Helps performers achieve behavioral and temporal consistency in their performance (Wrisberg & Penn, 1992)

* Physical skills – Required readiness to execute particular movement

Technical skills – Effective execution of a particular movement

Tactical skills – Kinds of decision-making that allow athletes to gain an advantage

Mental skills - Effective mobilization of thoughts and feelings

(see Boutcher & Crews, 1987; Boutcher & Zinsser 1990; Cohn, 1991; Cohn et al., 1990; Cotterill, 2010, 2011; Cotterill, et al., 2010, Cotterill & Hill, 2014; Crews & Boutcher, 1987; Hazell, et al., 2014; Mesagno & Mullane-Grant, 2010; Mesagno, et al. 2008; Wrisberg & Pein, 1992)

“We Are What We Repeatedly Do”

Mental

  • Attentional focus cues
  • Self-talk
  • Relaxation
  • Imagery
  • Preparatory Arousal
  • Anxiety Control

My Signature Technique

Support

(Bennett, 1978; Boutcher, 1992; Bunker & Rotella, 1982; Bunker & Owens, 1985; Czech, et al., 2004; Epstein, 1980; Gould, et al., 1980; Harle & Vickers, 2001; Harris & Harris, 1984; Mahoney & Avener, 1977; Nideffer, 1976; Ravizza & Rotella, 1982; Rotella, et al., 1980; Smith, 1980; Shelton & Mahoney, 1978 Weinberg, et al., 1979)

From Theory to Practice

The Simpson Performance Routine (SPR)

Thank You

PPR should be: individualized, systematic, have a generic template, flexible, include all aspects that may influence performance and be specific to the demands at that “moment”.

dsimpson@barry.edu

Software: Prezi

“Pre-performance routines probably should include all aspects that may influence performance..” (Gallucci, 2014, p. 104)

Researchers investigating the nature of PPR suggest athletes use a range of psychological strategies depending on the specific requirements and demands of the performance and that each PPR should be individualized (Cotterill, Sander, & Collins, 2010).

@SportPsychDunc

Tactical

Complete evaluation of task demands and decision on required response

Support

- Allow performers to evaluate conditions and calibrate their responses (Schack, 2002)

Jane Doe

  • Consistency is important but task demands influence duration of routine (Jackson & Baker, 2001)
  • Individualization and what performers “do” & “need” is key as opposed to timing (Cotterill, 2008; Holder, 2003)
  • Advocated for a generic template for the routine, based upon the psychological demands (Cotterill, 2008)
  • Supports individualized approach (Shaw, 2002)

I call for the tee, set the ball up and then I'm into a routine. I think about the distance, the angle, the wind and the pitch conditions (Tactical)…I slow down my breathing by focusing from the inside (Physical)…Another part is hardening my kicking foot, which I do by tapping my left toe on the grass before I kick, usually in two sets of three taps, thus helping the foot to adopt the shape and the tension I want when I hit the ball (Physical & Technical)… I do 'centering', which is a way of channeling my power and energy from my core, just behind my navel, down my left leg and into my left foot to get that explosive power (Mental & Technical)…I visualize the flight of the ball ending up in Doris's lap (imaginary woman behind the posts), knocking the drink out of her hands (Mental)…finally, I remind myself of the importance of allowing my foot to follow through along the line of the ball for as long as possible (Technique)

Key Points

Future Research

  • Investigate the efficacy of the proposed model today

  • The first step is to develop a clear understanding of what function routines actually fulfill (Cotterill, 2010)

  • Experimental designs should also seek to test for evidence to support the proposed functions (Cotterill, 2010).

  • Use the “Simpson Performance Routine” structure (physical, technical, tactical, mental)
  • Help athletes to develop a full “toolbox” for each component.
  • Accept existing routines behaviors (unless maladaptive) and seek to understand why they are used (Cotterill et al., 2010; Cotterill, 2010).
  • Continually reinforce and discuss progress of “new” routine.
  • Attempt to establish “buy-in” from the coach(es) so they understand the new routine and reinforce.

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