Disease Project

Coronary Artery Disease

Coronary Artery Disease

Neelam, Julie, Hannah, David-Dallas

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is chronic process that begins during adolescence and slowly progresses throughout life.

CAD starts when certain factors damage the inner layers of the coronary arteries:

•Smoking

•High levels of certain fats and cholesterol in blood

•High levels of sugar in blood due to insulin resistance or diabetes

•Blood vessel inflammation

References

Disease Manifestations

Diagnostic Strategies

The practitioner will measure blood pressure, cholesterol, and sugar levels if you have or are at risk for CAD.

• An EKG (Electrocardiogram) can measure the electrical activity, rate, and regularity of your heart beat.
• An echocardiogram is an ultrasound or special sound wave that can create a picture of the heart.
• An exercise stress test which measures your heartbeat while on a treadmill which can show how well your heart works when it pumps blood.
• A chest X-ray is used to create a picture of your heart, lungs, and other organs near the chest.
• A cardiac catheterization is able detect blockage in the arteries by inserting a tube in the artery.
• The blood pressure can me measured in the heart, how strong the blood flow through all the heart chambers is, and blood samples can be taken.
• A coronary angiogram monitors blockage and flow through the coronary artery

-Chest pain (angina): triggered by physical or emotional stress

-Shortness of breath: usually occurs after physical exercise

-symptoms are usually fleeting, disappearing minutes after they occur

-Heart attack, hearth failure, arrhythmia : sometimes CAD will not have obvious signs or symptoms in which case the affected could experience heart attack or failure

Prevelence of Disease

1)Mayo Clinic. "Coronary Artery Disease." Tests and Diagnosis. Mayo Clinic, 12 Apr. 2014. Web. 23 Sept. 2015.

2) National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. “Explore Coronary Heart Disease.” NHI, 29, Sep. 2014.

3)National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, . "What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease?" NHLBI, NIH. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, 29 Sept. 2014. Web. 23 Sept. 2015.

4) "Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 10 Aug. 2015. Web. 23 Sept. 2015. <http://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/coronary_ad.htm>.

5) Kinra, Sanjay. "Is Maternal Transmission Stronger than Paternal Transmission." National Center for Biotehnology Information U.S. National Library of Medicine., 1 Aug. 2003. 24 Sept 2015.

Coronary artery disease (heart disease) is the number 1 killer in America for both men and women in every major ethnic group.

It accounted for nearly 616,000 deaths in 2008 and was responsible for 1 in 4 deaths in the U.S.

Every year, approximately 785,000 Americans suffer a first heart attack and another 470,000 will suffer an additional heart attack.

In 2010, CAD alone was projected to cost the U.S. $108.9 billion including the cost of health care services, medications, and lost productivity.

Cardiovascular Disease claims more lives each year than the next 4 leading causes of death combined cancer, chronic lower respiratory diseases, accidents, and diabetes.

Treatment

Data recorded for Cardiovascular Disease

How do you know you are experiancing a heart attack?

Course of Disease

The first treatment strategy would be a lifestyle change. This includes lowering sodium and fat intake in diet, increasing exercise activities, and quitting smoking. Medications also exist to treat the factors of CAD like high cholesterol, high blood pressure, an irregular heartbeat, and a low blood flow. In extreme cases, surgical procedures are done to restore blood flow to the heart.

*Blood Pressure

*Respiration Rate

*ECG Surveillance

*BMI

Risk Factors

Plaque releases that help the process of healing but make the inner walls of the blood vessel adhesive.

Plaque builds up, inflaming the blood vessel walls.

Over time plaque can harden or rupture.

Hardened plaque narrows the coronary arteries and reduce the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart causing discomfort or pain – Angina.

If plaque ruptures, blood cell fragments called platelets stick to the site of the injury and clump together to form blood clots.

Blood clots can further narrow the coronary arteries and worsen angina.

If clot becomes large enough, it can mostly or completely block a coronary artery and cause a heart attack.

• Unhealthy blood cholesterol levels. High LDL cholesterol (bad) and low HDL cholesterol (good)
• High blood pressure
• Smoking
• Insulin resistance
• Diabetes
• Overweight or obesity
• Metabolic syndrome- a name for a group of risk factors that raise your risk for CAD
• Lack of physical activity
• Unhealthy diet
• Older age
• Sleep apnea
• Stress
• Heavy Alcohol consumption - Men 2 drinks, Women 1 drink a day
• Preeclampsia -condition during pregnancy: high blood pressure and excess protein in urine
• Family history of early heart disease.
• High levels of triglycerides especially in women
• High levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) - sign of inflammation in body

Thank You!

Transmission Disease

* Biological

* Enviornmental

* Social Habits that may be inherited

* Each year 375,000 americans die

* Study conducted of 8402 men, 615 (7.3%) reported history of disease in one parent, 5.8% father, 1.6% mother, 0.2% both parents.

* This study proved that there is no difference in transmission of CHD.