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Identify the three C's of President Teddy Roosevelt's Square Deal

Conservation

Newlands Reclamation Act (NRA)

  • Established in 1902
  • set aside money from sales of semi-arid public lands for irrigation projects
  • Nearly all major western rivers were dammed as a result of the NRA
  • John Wesley Powell
  • Considered the father of Reclamation
  • Thought the American West was too arid for use by a general population
  • U.S. Government funded the reclamation of the west and construction of irrigation systems
  • Theodore Roosevelt
  • Cobbled together legislative alliances to pass the NRA

The Antiquities Act

  • Established in 1906
  • Gives the President of the United States the authority to create national monuments to protect significant natural, cultural or scientific features.
  • Has been used over 100 times since its passge in 1906
  • Resulted from concerns to protect prehistoric Indian ruins and artifacts
  • Called "antiquities" hence the name of the Act
  • Congressman John F. Lacey
  • Edgar Lee Hewett
  • rising anthropologist
  • Anthropologist - a person with an extensive knowledge of anthropology who uses this knowledge in their work, typically to solve problems specific to humanity.

Examples of Conservational Actions Involved in the Square Deal

  • Alaska - Tongass and Chugach forest reserves
  • 16 Million acres of western forest signed into federal protection
  • Hawaii - Several small islands as Hawaiian Island Bird Reservation
  • Florida - Pelican island
  • First federal bird reservation in 1903
  • 51 Bird reservations established by the Roosevelt Administration
  • Improvements of waterways and reservation of water power sites
  • National Forest Service - 1905
  • 18 national monuments declared during Roosevelt's time in office

Works Cited

Boundless. "The Square Deal." Boundless aaaaU.S.History. Boundless, 21 Jul. 2015. aaaaRetrived 16 Sep. 2015

"The Trust Buster." Us History.org. aaaaIndependence hall Association, n.d. Web. 17 aaaaSept. 2015

THE SQUARE DEAL

  • What is it?
  • The Square Deal was Roosevelt's domestic program formed on three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection.
  • Definition of a Square Deal - a fair bargain or treatment
  • Exactly what Roosevelt was aiming for
  • Video:

Corporate Regulation/

"Trust Busting"

Trust Busting

  • Definition - Government activities aimed at breaking up monopolies and trusts.
  • Main man - President Theodore Roosevelt
  • Wanted what is best for the county and to give everyone a fair chance
  • Monopolies and trust took away economic freedom
  • Sherman Anti-Trust Act
  • Declared illegal all combinations " in restraint of trade"
  • Worthless for the first 12 years of its existence
  • Teddy vs. J.P.
  • J. Pierpont Morgan and Theodore Roosevelt
  • Roosevelt was attacking J.P.'s railroad company that was monopolizing the market for railroads.
  • A "good" trust
  • A trust that controlled the entire industry but was fair to its customers with good service at reasonable rates
  • A "bad" trust
  • Trusts that jacked up prices and other rates as well as exploiting customers to make the most money possible

Corporate Regulation

  • The Expediting Act - 1903
  • Theodore Roosevelt
  • Intended to break up trusts by the steel, meatpacking, oil, and railroad industries by expediting their cases to the top of the list so that they could be dealt with more quickly
  • The Elkins Act - 1903
  • Theodore Roosevelt
  • Authorized the ICC to impose heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates and upon the shippers that accepted these rebates
  • Department of Commerce and Labor set up in 1903
  • The Hepburn Act of 1906
  • strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission
  • prior to the act being passed the commission had minimal resources to carry out its duties
  • Immunity of Witnesses Act - 1906
  • corporate officials could no longer make a plea of immunity to avoid testifying in cases which dealt with the illegal activities of their corporations.

Consumer Protection

The Food and

Drug Administration

  • Formed in 1906
  • Federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services
  • responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of:
  • food safety
  • tobacco products
  • dietary supplements
  • prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs
  • vaccines
  • bio-pharmaceuticals
  • blood transfusions
  • medical devices
  • electromagnetic radiation emitting devices
  • cosmetics
  • animal foods & feed
  • veterinary products

Meat Inspection Act

Pure Food and

Drug Act (PFDA)

  • Established - 1906
  • works to prevent adulterated or misbranded meat and meat products from being sold as food and to ensure that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions
  • these standards also apply to imported meats
  • all meat coming to the U.S. must be inspected
  • The law insures that consumers aren't sold meat that is dangerous or not clean for their consumption
  • Established in 1906
  • main purpose was to ban foreign and interstate traffic in adulterated or mislabeled food and drug products
  • directed the U.S. Bureau of Chemistry to inspect products and refer offenders to prosecutors
  • The PFDA was a key piece of Progressive Era legislation
  • Signed on the same day as the Meat Inspection act
  • The law defined "misbranding" and "adulteration"
  • Helped to protect the consumers from dangerous foods, drugs, liquor, and medicines
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