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Rollo May

1909-1994

1931

  • Influences:
  • Existential Philosophers
  • Freudian Psychology
  • Alfred Adler Individual Psychology

Irvin Yalom

  • Contemporary existential therapist
  • Believed the goal of psychotherapy should encompass assisting individuals to discover their meaning of life.
  • Be concerned with problems of being rather than solving the problem.

Striving for Identity & Relationship to Others

  • Writings:
  • recognizing & dealing with power
  • acknowledging freedom & responsibility
  • discovering one's identity
  • These helped translate existential concepts into psycho therapeutic process.
  • Developed existential approach to psychotherapy that addresses Ultimate Human Concerns:

1. Freedom & Responsibility

2. Existential Isolation

3. Meaninglessness

4. Death

  • Courage to be (facing anxiety)
  • Experience of loneliness
  • Experience of Relatedness
  • Struggling With Our Identity

James Bugental

1915-2008

  • Contemporary Existential Psychotherapy
  • Therapy should be designed based on clients unique life experience.

Frankl on Existential Philosophy

youtube.com/watch?v=aQbxRkXzTjg

  • Mainly focused his efforts on helping clients examine their answers to life's existential questions and encourage revision of their answers so they can live a more authentic life.
  • Coined term: Existential-Humanistic
  • challenged the traditional view of labeling and diagnosing clients
  • Developed intervention to help clients deepen their inner exploration

School :

Techniques

Humanistic

Logo Therapy

Trapped in doing mode instead of being mode

Conceptual Foundations

  • Capacity for Self-Awareness
  • Freedom choice & Responsibility is the foundation of self-awareness

1. Challenging clients to claim responsibility for actions

2. Help clients mindfulness within self and with others

3. Assist clients in identifying hindrances to fuller presence

- Therapists share reaction to clients to deepen therapeutic relationship.

4. Encourage clients to choose more expanding ways of being in our daily lives

Goals

  • Areas of Awareness
  • Time is finite
  • Inaction is a decision
  • We create our own destiny
  • We are basically alone

Definition

Freedom

&

Responsibility

  • People have free will and make their own destiny.

3 Values

1. Freedom to become

2. Capacity to reflect

3. Capacity to act

Existential Therapy

  • Inauthenticity (vs. authenticity), Existential Guilt, Authenticity
  • Awareness
  • Self-Actualization
  • Increased Responsibility
  • Acceptance of core conditions of life
  • Create and find meaning in life

Goals

The humanistic school of thought emphasizes the study of the whole person.

  • Finding life meaning is important.
  • Anxiety is based on core life conditions.
  • People are free.
  • Phenomenological (subjective/individualistic experience)
  • Strive for authenticity
  • Recognize self-deception
  • Confront anxiety
  • Engage in action to create worthy purpose
  • Increase clients awareness of alternate possibilities that exist but were not previously recognized

Phases

Arielle Teets, Lauren Messina, Corey Pulford, Amanda Pantalone, & Haley Nelson

Initial

1.

  • Identify & clarify assumptions of the world
  • Values, beliefs, and assumptions are examined to determine their validity

Middle

2.

  • Assessing source & authority of present value system
  • Leads to new insight & restructuring of attitudes & values

Final

3.

  • Helping people take what they are learning about themselves & put it into action
  • Transformation is not limited to what happens during therapy hour

Search for

Discussion

  • Problem: discarding old (or imposed) values but not replacing them
  • Meaninglessness-finding purpose in life
  • Existential Neurosis: the experience of meaninglessness
  • Existential Vacuum: meaninglessness can lead to this
  • Creating new meaning

Anxiety as a Condition

Major Theorists

1905-1997

Viktor Frankl

  • Existential Anxiety- unavoidable result of being confronted with the "givens" of life- death, freedom, choice, isolation, and meaninglessness
  • Normal Anxiety- appropriate response to facing an event
  • Neurotic Anxiety- about concrete things that is out of proportion to the situation

Central Themes:

  • What were some aspects of this counseling session that went well?
  • What aspects of this counseling session could be improved?
  • What are some advantages of Existential therapy for the client? Disadvantages?
  • What difficulties that some clients could be facing would be situations in which existential therapy would be ad advantageous choice?
  • What are some aspects of this therapeutic process that specifically interest you or stand out to you? Any aspects you find unappealing?
  • His core ideas are still in the development of Existential Therapy.
  • His experience in Auschwitz confirmed his views:

"the essence of being human lies in searching for meaning and purpose"

Awareness of Death & Non-being

1. Life has meaning.

2. Will to meaning.

3. Freedom to find meaning.

4. Integrate body, mind, & spirit.

  • Death gives significance to life
  • Developed Logo Therapy:
  • Emphasized the concepts of freedom, responsibility, meaning, and search for value.
  • Therapy through meaning
  • His life is a testament to his theory because he lived what his theory supported.

References

Corey, G. (2017) Theory And Practice

Of Counseling And Psychotherapy. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

Halbur, D.A., & Halbur K.V. (2011)

Developing Your Theoretical Oreintation In Counseling And Psychotherapy. Boston, MA: Pearson

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