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- Their fertile land and resources gathered many people = population
- Their never-ending food production contributed greatly to their development
- Both developed by trading resources, materials, technology, and knowledge with each other
- The civilization came out in different time; Egypt (3200 BCE) Mesopotamia (3500 BCE)
- They both have different theories or legends of how their civilization started; Egyptians believed that gods created the citizens near the Nile; Mesopotamian believe that their kings lead them to their land
- they were both near a water source that contributed to the irrigation
- they both built dikes, canals, and irrigation dykes overtime
- natural canals had to be dredged yearly, in order to prevent water clogging
- both prevented flood water from entering settlements
- used stone hoes and plowed the ground by hand or animals
- both have the same irrigation month: June
- Egyptians irrigated with the Nile's water while Mesopotamian irrigated with their river water
- drainage was not required for valleys in Egypt; Mesopotamian were required
- Egyptians only had a single over the alluvial grounds because of the natural irrigation; Mesopotamian did not
- Mesopotamian had dry lands with streams, canals, or pipes; Not required for Egyptians
- both domesticated animals around 7000 BCE; ex. sheep, dogs, cats, goats, pigs, oxen, donkey, cows
- both kept pets, such as dogs, cats, monkeys, buffoons
- domesticated animals had jobs; ex. trampling seeds, pulling ploughs, and eating unwanted food
- domesticated animals were used as food and clothes; ex. meat, eggs, milk, wool, leather,
- the animal carcass and poops were used as fertilizers
- Didn't domesticate until the new kingdom
- animals were presented and used for religious practice in Mesopotamia; Egypt did not
- horses were used by Mesopotamian earlier; Egyptian did not use it until the New Kingdom
- grain is the first plant harvested after inundation (flooding season)
- both used the similar tools (winnowing scoops, hoes, rakes, flint-bladed sickles and ploughs)
- grew similar grains, such as wheat, barley, millet, beans, sesame seeds
- grain and barley was the most important crop because it was used for bread, beer, food for animals, and porridge
- grew similar fruits (dates, grapes, figs, melons, apples, cucumbers, spice, pomegranates)
- grew similar vegetables (onions, beans, lettuce, olives)
- both used similar fertilizers (animal poop, withered plants; dead animals)
- used animals to assist in trampling seeds and ploughing
- had different cropping seasons; Egypt only had two; Mesopotamia had four
- everybody had to contribute in harvesting in Egypt; only farmers had to do it in Mesopotamia
- Egyptians used scythes and wooden ploughs as farming tools before Mesopotamian did
- Mesopotamians used animals for pulling ploughs and trampling seeds 40 years more earlier than Egyptians
- both started with the same form of writing (pictograph)
- both used it for the same purpose (keeping records of tax/king's speech/laws/ trade, poems/books/literature)
- both form of writing was made about the same time
- writings transformed over time
- both were forgotten and rediscovered
- both have been written in ceilings, walls, floors, tombs
- both had their own form of writing that used different symbols; Egyptians used hieroglyphics while Mesopotamian used cuneiform
- Mesopotamian carved their writing in stones, clay, or tablets, while Egyptians used papyrus (Mesopotamian started using papyrus from the fifth millennium while Egypt used it from the fourth)
- cuneiform are written as strokes
- good understanding of math and geometry to build the pyramids and other large buildings
- used math and numbers to keep track of business transactions
- used strokes to represent numbers
- Egyptians used decimal systems for numbers
- Egyptians didn't have numerals for 2 - 9 or zero and only had numbers for factors of 10 such as 1, 10, 100, etc.; Mesopotamia had variety of #
- Mesopotamia had 12 months in their calendar (by moon) while Egypt only had 4
- Mesopotamian divided the year by two seasons, Egypt did not divide seasons
- Mesopotamia based their number system by sixty, but Egypt did not base their number into anything
- Mesopotamian divided their week by seven days, Egyptians did not have a week
- built most things out of papyrus, reeds, stone, and wood
- both created boats out of reeds
- both invented pulleys
- both invented chariots, pottery wheels, and wells after the invention of wheels
- Mesopotamia invented wheels much earlier than Egyptians; Egyptians did not use the wheel until the new kingdom
- Most technology are made by Mesopotamian; Egypt mainly invented new materials
- kept records of taxes, trade, money, resources
- they were the army leader
- supervised water supply and stored grain
- pleased gods in order to get good fortune in return
- decided what was best for their citizens
- created laws for equal rights
- wore crowns, jewelry, fake beards
-created labor and taxed people
- Egyptian Pharaohs
watched over law courts
- pharaohs were
trade expedition leader, leaders in Mesopotamia had sergeants to lead
- pharaohs were believed to be gods in human form or descendants of god; kings of Mesopotamia were messengers of god
- Mesopotamian kings tried to allocate more resources and people into their domain, it wasn't the pharaoh's job in Egypt
- the Mesopotamian kings were the high priests; Pharaohs were the gods themselves
- deserts to the east and west of the Nile
- mountains to the south
- Nile is over 4000 miles (6437.4 kilometres)
- Nile was source of trade, food, transportation...life
- thought of in 2 ways - red land and black land
- red land = desert
- black land = fertile soil on the banks of the Nile
- 2 rivers surrounding - Tigris and Euphrates
- north = hills and plains, fertile
- south = marshy areas and wide, flat barren plains, very little rain
- in an area about 300 miles long and about 150 miles wide
- southern parts can come up to about 110° F(43.333° C)
- rivers help with farming *
- both were near a good water source
- both had hot weather
- almost everything
- both have flat roofs
- citizens sleep on the roof during warm weather
- a staircase leads to the roof
- both have courtyards with high walls (privacy)
- some families shared living space with other families (town houses)
- walls are made out of stacked limestone, mud bricks (adobe), clay
- dirt or clay floor
- roofs are out of solid rock or stones
- most ancient Mesopotamian houses are destroyed, but ancient Egyptian houses are still in existence (just reconstructed)
- Egyptians only have one room; Mesopotamian have several rooms that are connected to the living room
- Egyptians did not have a bathroom; it is unknown if Mesopotamian had one
- largest, important building
- shows wealth/achievements of their king/empire
- inspire loyalty/fear, ordinary people/visitors
- walls share stories of victories in war, achievements, and the pharaohs with gods
- contain sculptures of giant pharaohs or gods
- homes of the gods (not to be mistaken with pharaohs or kings)
- every temple dedicated to god or goddess
- priests are always occupied there to worship the gods
- have many sacred rooms that are only visited by priests and kings
- both have a large courtyard and a room for the kings
- both have a sancutary
- Mesopotamian did not have a sacred pool that was used for rituals like the Egyptians
- Egyptians did not have a suite room for each of the royal family, unlike the Mesopotamian
- the placement for the god statues are different for each civilization; Egyptian ones are always in the middle of the room; Mesopotamian have it in each corner of room
- contains a small sanctuary
- tallest building
- made in order to reach closer to the gods
- contains curses to keep thieves out
- contains traps to prevent theft (only one entrance/confusing rooms)
- has a storage room/secret passageways
- carvings of gods/pharaohs/important figure on walls
- very few of them are in existance
- has steps to lead up to the sky
- used for different reasons; Pyramids are tombs for pharaohs and Ziggurats are houses for gods
- ziggurats can only be entered by priests and kings; pyramids are not to be entered unless for a ritual for a new dead pharaoh
- pyramids have a square-triangular shape while a ziggurat is a square building stacked on top of another square building
- a full ancient pyramid has survived in the present; no full ziggurats have survived (only about half the building is)
- many gods, some goddesses
- any misfortunes or fortunes in people's lives came because a deity had willed it
- believed in gods, goddesses, demons, and monsters
- gods and goddesses were called "deities"
- kings/rulers were the messengers of the gods
- deities were worshipped regularly to keep them happy
- pharaohs were believed to be gods in human form
- deities included Horus, Ra, Seth, Anubis, Thoth, Khnum, Hathor, Sobek, Amun, Osiris, and Isis
- some were common to all of Egypt, others were worshipped only in 1 city
- hundreds of deities
- worshiped in special buildings: "Ziggurats"
- Part of the reason of the fall is similar; both the civilization were invaded and slaved by Persians
- reason for fall is different; Mesopotamia tumbled down because they couldn't control their own resources; Egypt only fell because they were invaded and lost power overtime
- Mesopotamia no longer exists in the present. but Egypt (though not considered a civilization) still exists
- The civilization fell in different time; Mesopotamia (3500 BCE - 530 BCE) Egypt (3100 BCE - 48 BCE)
- http://mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu/cowen/~gel115/115CH17oldirrigation.html
- http://resources.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/homework/egypt/farming.htm
- http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/agriculture.htm
- http://egypt.mrdonn.org/homes.html
- http://edweb.sdsu.edu/courses/edtec670/egypt/pharaohreport.html
- http://thegranduniverse.blogspot.ca/2010/11/weapons-armour-in-mesopotamia.html
- http://www.ducksters.com/history/ancient_egyptian_pharaohs.php
- http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/weapons/
- http://www.ancientmilitary.com/egyptian-weapons.htmhttp://egypt.mrdonn.org/geography.html
- http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/geography/home.html
- http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/geography/home_set.html
- http://mesopotamia.mrdonn.org/geography.html
- Lauren's Mesopotamia Project from earlier this year
- Melody’s Mesopotamia Pojext from earlier
- Ancient Worlds 7 Chapter 5
- http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/temples/explore/main.html
- http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/egypt/architecture/egyptarchit.htm