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Sibling relationships are complicated!

  • Positive and negative relationships
  • Troubled families
  • Sibling cooperation
  • Same sex vs. mixed sex dyads
  • Age difference
  • Sibling support
  • Comparing siblings treatment
  • View of your sibling

References

Graham-Berman, S. A. (1994). The assessment of childhood sibling relationships: Varying

perspectives on cooperation and conflict. Journal Of Genetic Psychology, 155(4),

457.

Lecce, S., de Bernart, D., Vezzani, C., Pinto, G., & Primi, C. (2011). Measuring the quality

of the sibling relationship during middle childhood: The psychometric properties of the Sibling Relationship Inventory. European Journal Of Developmental Psychology, 8(4), 423-436.

Solmeyer, A.R., McHale, S. M., &Crouter, A. C. (2013). Longitudinal Associations Between

Sibling Relationship Qualities and Risky Behavior Across Adolescence. Developmental Psychology

Widmer, E. D., & Weiss, C. C. (2000). Do Older Siblings Make A Difference? The Effects

of Older Siblings Support and Older Sibling Adjustment on the Adjustment of Socially Disadvantaged Adolescents. Journal Of Research On Adolescence (Lawrence Erlbaum), 10(1), 1

Fallon, B. J., & Bowles, T. V. (1997). The effect of family structure and family functioning on adolescents’ perceptions of intimate time spent with parents, siblings, and peers. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26(1), 25-43. doi: 10.1023/A:1024536128038

Shebloski, B., Conger, K.J., & Widaman, K. F. (2005). Reciprocal links differential parenting, perceived partiality, and self-worth: a three-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(4), 633-642 doi:10.1037/0893-3200.19.4.633

Solmeyer, A.R., Mchale, S. M., & Crouter, A. C. (2013). Longitudinal Associations Between Sibling Relationship Qualities and Risky Behavior Across Adolescence. Developmental Psychology, doi:10.1037/a0033207

Siblings...

  • Emotive support
  • Important part of children's social lives
  • Influence the personality development
  • Help with gender identity
  • Effects depend on the quality of the relationship
  • Positive relationships-
  • Siblings show greater understanding of peoples feeling and beliefs
  • Higher social adjustment
  • Negative relationships-
  • Foster aggressive behavior

family structure and family functioning

Sibling rivalry usually starts right after, (or even before) the arrival of the second child. The older child often becomes aggressive, “acts out” or even regresses. Regression means acting more like a baby—for example, by wanting a bottle, or peeing in their pants

Quote from Solmeyer, McHale, & Crouter 2013

  • 299 adolescents from Australia
  • Middle class in a two parent homes
  • Three age groups first, middle, and last born.
  • Measuring how many minutes or hours adolescents were spending intimate time with mother, father, sibling, or peer.
  • Questionnaire
  • Family function factors and family structure factors

"The sibling bond is unlike any other because it is life long, nonelective, and often characterized by an intense love-hate dynamic. For these reasons, siblings have the potential to significantly impact one anothers development." (p.1)

Results

Iowa Youth & Family Project Study

  • Males were more influenced by family functioning and sibling density
  • Females family structure factors age were most influenced.
  • Females middle aged group spent least amout of time with family and friends; males middle age group spent least amount of time with mothers but younger aged males spend least amount of time with fathers, siblings and peers
  • Males who spend more time with parents ended up spending more time with siblings as well. This attribute could lead to less rivalry between siblings because siblings who spend more time together get along better
  • Siblings closer in age are also more negatively and positively influenced by their sibling than parents.
  • Parent-peer conflict model
  • With age adolescents would communicate less with parents and more with peers.

earlier born:

  • Believe later born siblings are treated preferentially
  • Receptive to differential parenting because they don’t want the parenting changes to affect their status and control in the family and this is why they are more likely to compare and observe parental behaviors more than younger adolescents.

First borns:

  • Higher levels of self worth and their perception of parential treatment was not predicted by their self worth.
  • Their perception of differential parenting does predicts the differential parenting; whether this is through strategies of the first born or parents are more receptive to the first born child is unknown.
  • Higher family status and power but also identify with parents and siblings more and are more receptive to them.

  • 384 sibling dyads and parents
  • Starting age averages 11.6 to 13.9
  • Families from 34 public/private schools; from 8 countries
  • 3 time points (1989,1990,1991)
  • 2 home visits a year: a questionaire & a video taped of 4 different interactions
  • Observed parent's behavior towards children in 2 tasks: 30 minute interview & a 15 minute interactive family conflict resolution activities

Later born:

  • Adolescents perception that parents favor older sibling leads to a decrease in their self-worth through all 3 time points.
  • True for earlier born siblings for time one and two but after entering late adolescent stages they no longer seem to self-evaluate based on perception of differential parental treatment

Siblings... Continued

The Assessment of Childhood Sibling Relationships: Varying Perspectives on Cooperation and Conflict

Ghram-Bermann 1994

Results

  • Birth order influences status
  • Second-borns are nursed and ruled over
  • Second-borns express admiration toward older siblings
  • Older siblings can have a role in helping their siblings with school
  • In troubled families, older siblings provide a protective effect
  • Conflicts can arise between siblings

Solmeyer, McHale, & Crouter 2013

  • Younger siblings showed more cooperation in interactions than older siblings
  • Siblings in same-sex dyads showed more conflict than mixed-sex dyads

Social Learning Theory

Longitudinal Associations Between Sibling Relationship Qualities and Risky Behavior Across Adolescence

  • 40 sibling pairs
  • Ages 11-14
  • Information gathered from siblings and mothers
  • Read stories to gather their perception of relationships
  • Observed interactive tasks
  • Results varied by sex, birth order, and dyad type

Measuring the quality of the sibling relationship during middle childhood; The psychometric properties of the Sibling Relationship Inventory

  • Suggests that siblings influence each other through positive and negative reinforcement with observation and modeling
  • Older siblings can act as teachers or role models
  • Looked at sibling intimacy, conflict, and reports of risky behavior
  • Sample was 393 families (which consisted of parents and sibling dyads)
  • Siblings were age 11-20
  • Families were interviewed yearly for 3, 4, or 5 years.

By Lecce, Bernart, Vezzani, Pinto, & Primi 2011

Results

Results

  • Not many birth order differences were discovered
  • When birth order did come into play, it was further moderated by sex
  • Intimacy in brother pairs showed a positive correlation with risky behavior
  • Sibling conflict is associated with risky behavior, but parent-youth conflict has a higher association with risky behavior
  • They concluded that "birth order dynamics are complex and that they vary depending on the relationship dimension and dyad sex constellations" (p. 9)

The Study

  • Relationship position does not alter how the child interprets warmth, conflict, or rivalry
  • Siblings agree that there are negative connotations to having conflict
  • Results are similar to the ones reported in the United States
  • Italian recreation of the Sibling Relationship Inventory (SRI) originally done in the United States
  • 385 children- 213 first-borns, 172 second-borns
  • Ages 6-12
  • Questionnaires were given

Do Older Siblings Make a Difference? The Effects of Older Sibling Support and Older Sibling Adjustment on the Adjustment of Socially Disadvantaged Adolescents

By Widmer and Weiss 2000

The Study

The Results

  • 148 matched pair siblings
  • 35 brother dyads
  • 41 sister dyads
  • 43 sister-brother dyads
  • 29 brother-sister dyads
  • from urban areas
  • Older siblings average age- 15.3
  • younger siblings average age- 12.1
  • independent interviews
  • Significant correlation between support provided and school engagement and success
  • Support provided correlated with lower levels of school engagement and success
  • Younger siblings who see their older siblings as successful and supportive have fewer depressive symptoms, are more engaged in school, and show less delinquent attitudes
  • Only when younger siblings have a positive image of their older siblings, do they score higher
  • Younger siblings only need to perceive their older siblings as positive to have this effect

What Affect Does Birth Order Have on Sibling Relationships?

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