Closing Time:

Changing Hands: Spain's New Territory

Changing Borders

• After the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) between Great Britain and France, European powers up held alliances*
• GB: All the land east of the Mississippi River
• Spain: All of Louisiana, Mississippi River delta, and New Orleans

The King's Inspector

Spain, the U.S., Tejas

• King Charles III sent Marques de Rubi (visitador general) to tour the northern frontier
• His mission was to determine if the Spanish still needed missions in the east
• If the threat to East Tejas was gone, do they still need missions?
• Rubi traveled from NM to CA then to TX
• He proposed ALL missions in Tejas be abandoned, except those in San Antonio and Goliad
• 1773: the Spanish governor of Tejas, Baron de Ripperda close the last 3 missions in east Tejas, moving 500 ppl to San Antonio

Y'Barbo y Nacogdoches

Spain takes Sides

• 1776: While Spain struggled to control its colony of Tejas, the 13 colonies declared independence from GB
• Spain&France support the colonist
• The Spanish governor of Louisiana helped the colonist with supplies and weapons
• The U.S. now had all land to the Mississippi, Spain kept Florida, GB and the US now had claims to Mississippi trading routes

Louisiana Purchase

• 1800: Spain gave the French Louisiana back
• 1883: France sold to the U.S.
• U.S. now shared a border w/ Spain, more ppl moved toward Spanish Tejas

• Gil Y'Barbo: the leader of East Tejas asked Governor de Ripperda if they could move back east
• He said no
• Y'Barbo, without permission, moved his people to mission Guadalupe, where they founded the town of Nacogdoches
• Some settlers had lived in French Louisiana, where they adapted to a more independent life style
• The Spanish government had little control over Nacogdoches

Closing Time:

Growing Unrest in New Spain

Call For Independence

• September 16, 1810: A priest from the town of Dolores, MX, issued a grito
• He called for a rebellion against the Spanish government
• Fr. Miguel Hidalgo's revolt marked the beginning of the Mexican War for Independence
• Although he was killed, Hidalgo inspired the Mexican people to fight for liberation

• 1820: Mexican leader Agustin de Iturbide took control of the revolutionary army
• 1821: Iturbide issued the Plan de Iguala, establishing a Mexican Empire
• The Plan guaranteed 3 things:
• Mexico would be independent from Spain
• Criollos and mestizos would have equal rights
• Mexican people would be Catholic
• Mexico would have a constitutional monarchy w/ elected representatives
• Aug 1821: The Treaty of Cordoba was signed

• 1811: Jose Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara, a solider, traveled to Washington D.C., asking the U.S. to help Mexico fight for independence
• He was given money, men, and supplies
• Upon reaching New Orleans, Gutierrez de Lara, convinced Augustus Magee, young U.S. solider to join the cause
• Their battalion was called the Gutierrez-Magee Expedition

A Call for Independence cont.

Mexico Becomes a Nation

Battle Medina

Mexico Becomes Independent

Spain's Legacy in Texas

Border Disputes

• August 1813: General Joaquin de Arredondo battled the rebels near SA
• Overwhelmed, most of the rebels surrendered or were killed
• Goliad and Nacogdoches were abandoned
• Some retreated to Galveston Island
• Tejas remained in Spanish control for another 7 years

• Despite not settling much of Tejas, Spain had a major impact on the culture and the people
• People and Work:
• Spainish was the first European language to be spoken in North America
• 6 million of Tejanos have Spanish surnames
• Cattle Ranching still uses Spanish techniques
• Places:
• Many places still have the names given to them by the Spanish, EX: El Paso
• El Camino Real- the Royal Highway stretches from Nacgodoches to Laredo

• As thousands of U.S. families moved into the Louisiana territory, Spain forced United Statians out of Tejas creating a board dispute
• The U.S. said the board was the Sabine, the Spanish claimed the Arroyo Hondo
• Colonel Simon de Herrera and General James Wilkinson declared the area between the rivers as a neutral zone

Adam-Onis Treaty

• 1819: Spain and the U.S. sign an agreement marking the board at the Sabine river
• Spain keeps Florida and the U.S. gives up all claims to Tejas

The Republican Army of the North

• August 1812: the Gutierrez-Magee expedition changed their name to the Republican Army of the North
• Composed of Tejanos, Native Americans, and white American filibusters, the army crossed the Sabine river and captured Nacogdoches
• They marched to Goliad, met Spanish soldiers and fought for three months
• Magee died, Samuel Kemper took over
• February 1813: The Spanish retreated to San Antonio
• March 1813: San Antonio is surrendered
• The United Statians wanted Tejas to be interdependent or join the U.S.
• The Tejanos wanted Tejas to be apart of MX

• 1819: James Long led 300 men into Tejas
• Attacking the abandoned town of Nacogdoches, Long declared Texas free and independent
• Long asked Lafitte for help protecting his claim. Lafitte said no
• Spanish troop attacked Long's forces
• Refusing to surrender, Long regrouped and invaded Point Bolivar
• 1821: Long is captured and executed

James Long

French Settlers on the Trinity River

• French colonist tried to start a colony along the Trinity River, near Liberty
• Angered by this, the Spanish sent troops to displace the colonist
• 1818: The colony was abandoned

Pirates, Settlers, and Revolutionaries

Pirates on Galveston Island

• 1816: Rebel leaders declared Galveston Island to be a part of the Mexican Republic
• Rebels asked French Pirate, Louis Michel Aury, to patrol the Gulf. He captured Spanish ships
• He aided the Mexicans by sailing them to Mexico
• Jean Lafitte: Another pirate who supported Mexican Independence and attacked Spanish Ships