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Odysseus: fought in the Trojan War and came back home after 20 years. After coming back and seeing his kingdom being taken over, he disguises himself as a beggar
Arnaeus: the usual beggar who stays outside of Odysseus' hall.
Suitors: men who try to take over Odysseus' kingdom and rule.
Amphinomous: The only suitor who is descent and sometimes, stands up for Odysseus and Telemachus.
Athena: the daughter of Zeus, goddess of wisdom. She favors Odysseus and helps him through his epic journey.
Penelope: Odysseus' loyal wife and mother of Telemachus. She waits 20 years for Odysseus to return from the Trojan War.
Telemachus: Odysseus and Penelope's son who tries to protect his mother from the suitors.
Melantho: Sister of Melanthius and Odysseus' servant in his palace.
Melanthius: Brother of Melantho and Odysseus' servant in his palace. He supports the suitors.
Eurymachus: A manipulate, devious suitor
Foreshadowing
Similes:
Epithets
Divine Intervention
“But now the goddess Athena with her glinting eyes inspired Penelope, Icarius’ daughter, wary, poised, to display herself to her suitors, fan their hearts, inflame them more, and make her even more esteemed by her husband and her son than she had been before.” (Homer 381) Athena puts Penelope to sleep for a few minutes, during this; she showers Penelope with ambrosia and makes her even lonelier than she already is. She makes Penelope show herself in front of the suitors making them attracted to her. Penelope goes out to scold Telemachus for allowing abuse to the beggar inside her house. She complains there are no gifts for her from her suitors and they panic to find it.
Symbolism
Poetic Devices (Imagery):
“…these gallants, now, this moment, here in our house, were battered senseless, head lolling, knees unstrung, some sprawled in the courtyard, some sprawled outside! Slumped like Irus down at the front gates now, whipped, and his head rolling like some drunk. He can’t stand up on his feet and stagger home, whatever home he’s got- the man’s demolished.” (Homer 383) This is Telemachus talking about the beggar (Odysseus) and he believes in him strongly.”
Metaphors:
Exposition: A beggar named Arnaeus, or also known as Irus, threatens Odysseus (still adisguised beggar) to fight. He begins the fight by insulting Odysseus and challenges him.Odysseus comes back with his insults, and both men are filled with anger.
Rising Action: Antinous suggests a competition, with the winner receiving goat sausages that are packed with fat and blood. He also says that once the winner takes his food, no more beggars other than the winner will be allowed inside their town. Odysseus fears that he will lose and makes the suitors vow to not help either him or Irus on the side. As Odysseus is preparing himself, Athena adds more strength and size to his body. The suitors get amazed by his size since they did not expect any of it coming from an aged man, and begin to cheering him on.Even Antinous roots for Odysseus, and insults Irus.
Climax: Irus begins to lose confidence, as everyone is rooting on Odysseus. After being threatened by Antinous, he is more shaken up, but goes into the boxing ring anyway. He starts by trying to punch Odysseus, but Odysseus punches him back harder and faster. Odysseus continues the fight, and throws him across the scene, into the other side.
Falling Action: Odysseus wins the game, and is handed the goat sausage by one of the suitors,Amphinomus. Odysseus begins to talk to Amphinomus, warning him that he should leave
because Odysseus will soon arrive once again. But Amphinomus ignores his warning, and fails
to depart. Sadly, Athena uses Telemachus to kill him. Now Athena wants Penelope to make
herself seem more beautiful than ever towards the suitors who desire her in their beds. Penelope calls her maid, Eurynome, and explains that she wants to be beautiful to her suitors, but her maid thinks that she is doing this to please herself since she misses Odysseus. But Penelope reassures her saying that she would be too embarrassed if she were to be with those suitors. The main plan was that Penelope would appear gorgeous, with the help of Athena, and leads the suitors on by saying Odysseus instructed her to pick a new husband if he does not return by the time Telemachus grows facial hair. The outcome of this plan would be that whichever suitor gives her the most gifts that she likes will become her husband.
Conclusion: Odysseus is once again being insulted by Melantho, who is a maidservant.
Odysseus never fears and strikes back, scaring Melantho away. Athena comes in again, hoping
to make Odysseus annoyed and furious with the suitors by making another one, Eurymachus, insult him. The two begin a quarrel, and Eurymachus loses his temper by attempting to throw a stool at Odysseus and misses. Prince Telemachus comes in between them and settles whatever was about to happen at this point. Everyone was amazed at what Prince Telemachus had done.
1. Perseverance: Odysseus perseveres in this story by never giving up when an attack comes at him, one by one. He strives to win his arguments, he strives to win the battles. He stays strong with himself, and does not give in to someone else’s statements.
2. Respect for the Gods: In Book 18, there was only one example of this theme. “Come, steward, pour first drops for the god in every cup; let’s make libations, then go home to bed.” (Homer 389) They never forget about respect towards the gods, giving them each a drop before drinking themselves.
3. Loyalty: It shows loyalty within this book because throughout this whole time, Penelope has been loyal even with the suitors always trying to get her. Odysseus also tests the servants in the palace to test their trustworthiness.