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Transcript

The Odyssey Book 18

By Alexa Isaac & Lina Jung

  • Who: Odysseus, Arnaeus, Suitors, Amphinomus, Athena, Penelope, Telemachus, Melantho, Melanthius, Eurymachus
  • What: Odysseus is challenged by Arnaeus into a boxing match. He thinks he will conquer Odysseus, but Athena gives him strength to beat Arnaeus (Irus).
  • When: 20 years after the Trojan War.
  • Why: The regular beggar who begs in front of Odysseus' hall sees the new comer (Odysseus disguised as a beggar) and demands that Odysseus moves and leads to a fight.

5 W's

Odysseus: fought in the Trojan War and came back home after 20 years. After coming back and seeing his kingdom being taken over, he disguises himself as a beggar

Arnaeus: the usual beggar who stays outside of Odysseus' hall.

Suitors: men who try to take over Odysseus' kingdom and rule.

Amphinomous: The only suitor who is descent and sometimes, stands up for Odysseus and Telemachus.

Athena: the daughter of Zeus, goddess of wisdom. She favors Odysseus and helps him through his epic journey.

Penelope: Odysseus' loyal wife and mother of Telemachus. She waits 20 years for Odysseus to return from the Trojan War.

Telemachus: Odysseus and Penelope's son who tries to protect his mother from the suitors.

Melantho: Sister of Melanthius and Odysseus' servant in his palace.

Melanthius: Brother of Melantho and Odysseus' servant in his palace. He supports the suitors.

Eurymachus: A manipulate, devious suitor

Characters

  • “I’ll toss you into a black ship and sail you off Echetus, the mainland king who wrecks all men alive. He’ll lop your nose and ears with his ruthless blade. He’ll rip off your privates out by the roots, he will, and serve them up to his dogs to bolt down raw!’” (Homer 378) This is Irus threatening Odysseus about what he’ll do to him when they fight. It foreshadows that he isn’t afraid of Odysseus and he’s proud.
  • “I say he’s right at hand- and may some power save you, spirit you home before you meet him face-to-face the moment he returns to native ground! Once under his own roof, he and your friends, believe you me, won’t part till blood has flowed.’” (Homer 380) This is Odysseus talking back to Irus showing him what he can do too.
  • “But turning toward her son, she warned, “‘ Telemachus, your sense of balance is not what it used to be. [….] You’d be shamed, disgraced in all men’s eyes!’” (Homer 382-383) This is Penelope warning Telemachus about who he has to be.

Foreshadowing

Literary Devices (continued)

Literary Devices

Similes:

  • "How this pot-bellied pig runs off at the mouth- like an old crone at her oven!" (Homer 376) This is Irus talking to Odysseus, calling him a weak, old women.
  • "I'll make you pay for your ugly rant! Bold as brass in the face of all these lords? No fear in your heart? Wine's got to your wits?" (Homer 388) This is Eurymachus talking to Odysseus, offended, comparing him that his attitude was firm and rude.
  • "I'll batter the tramp with both fists, crack every tooth from his jaws, I'll litter the ground like a rogue sow's, punished for rooting corn!" (Homer 376) This is also Irus comparing Odysseus to a pig and ripping it to pieces.

Literary Devices (continued)

Epithets

  • “..Odysseus, foxy veteran..” (Homer 377) Homer meant “foxy” as sly and sneaky.
  • “Athena with her glinting eyes…” (Homer 381) Homer said glinting eyes because Athena is a goddess and she is a beautiful.
  • “Staunch Odysseus...” (Homer 384) Homer meant staunch as ready for action and prepared.
  • “…luminous goddess..” (Homer 382) this is also Homer explaining how Athena is bright and outstanding. She’s special because she’s a goddess.

Literary Devices (continued)

Divine Intervention

“But now the goddess Athena with her glinting eyes inspired Penelope, Icarius’ daughter, wary, poised, to display herself to her suitors, fan their hearts, inflame them more, and make her even more esteemed by her husband and her son than she had been before.” (Homer 381) Athena puts Penelope to sleep for a few minutes, during this; she showers Penelope with ambrosia and makes her even lonelier than she already is. She makes Penelope show herself in front of the suitors making them attracted to her. Penelope goes out to scold Telemachus for allowing abuse to the beggar inside her house. She complains there are no gifts for her from her suitors and they panic to find it.

Plot!!

Literary Devices (continued)

Symbolism

Poetic Devices (Imagery):

Literary Devices (continued)

  • “But once you see the beard on the boy’s cheek, you wed the man you like, and leave your house behind.’” (Homer 384) this is Penelope explain to Eurymachus what Odysseus said to her. This is symbolizing about manliness and how Telemachus will be a man when he is older.
  • “But now Prince Telemachus dressed them down: ‘Fools, you’re out of your heads. Some god has got your blood up. Come, now you’re eaten well go home to bed- when the spirit moves, that is. I, for one, I’ll drive no guest away.’ So he declared. And they all bit their lips, amazed the prince could speak with so much daring.” (Homer 389) This is Telemachus talking to the suitors. This symbolizes how Telemachus will be a great leader and king.

“…these gallants, now, this moment, here in our house, were battered senseless, head lolling, knees unstrung, some sprawled in the courtyard, some sprawled outside! Slumped like Irus down at the front gates now, whipped, and his head rolling like some drunk. He can’t stand up on his feet and stagger home, whatever home he’s got- the man’s demolished.” (Homer 383) This is Telemachus talking about the beggar (Odysseus) and he believes in him strongly.”

Metaphors:

Exposition: A beggar named Arnaeus, or also known as Irus, threatens Odysseus (still adisguised beggar) to fight. He begins the fight by insulting Odysseus and challenges him.Odysseus comes back with his insults, and both men are filled with anger.

Rising Action: Antinous suggests a competition, with the winner receiving goat sausages that are packed with fat and blood. He also says that once the winner takes his food, no more beggars other than the winner will be allowed inside their town. Odysseus fears that he will lose and makes the suitors vow to not help either him or Irus on the side. As Odysseus is preparing himself, Athena adds more strength and size to his body. The suitors get amazed by his size since they did not expect any of it coming from an aged man, and begin to cheering him on.Even Antinous roots for Odysseus, and insults Irus.

Climax: Irus begins to lose confidence, as everyone is rooting on Odysseus. After being threatened by Antinous, he is more shaken up, but goes into the boxing ring anyway. He starts by trying to punch Odysseus, but Odysseus punches him back harder and faster. Odysseus continues the fight, and throws him across the scene, into the other side.

Falling Action: Odysseus wins the game, and is handed the goat sausage by one of the suitors,Amphinomus. Odysseus begins to talk to Amphinomus, warning him that he should leave

because Odysseus will soon arrive once again. But Amphinomus ignores his warning, and fails

to depart. Sadly, Athena uses Telemachus to kill him. Now Athena wants Penelope to make

herself seem more beautiful than ever towards the suitors who desire her in their beds. Penelope calls her maid, Eurynome, and explains that she wants to be beautiful to her suitors, but her maid thinks that she is doing this to please herself since she misses Odysseus. But Penelope reassures her saying that she would be too embarrassed if she were to be with those suitors. The main plan was that Penelope would appear gorgeous, with the help of Athena, and leads the suitors on by saying Odysseus instructed her to pick a new husband if he does not return by the time Telemachus grows facial hair. The outcome of this plan would be that whichever suitor gives her the most gifts that she likes will become her husband.

Conclusion: Odysseus is once again being insulted by Melantho, who is a maidservant.

Odysseus never fears and strikes back, scaring Melantho away. Athena comes in again, hoping

to make Odysseus annoyed and furious with the suitors by making another one, Eurymachus, insult him. The two begin a quarrel, and Eurymachus loses his temper by attempting to throw a stool at Odysseus and misses. Prince Telemachus comes in between them and settles whatever was about to happen at this point. Everyone was amazed at what Prince Telemachus had done.

  • "You, you clumsy ox, you're better off dead or never born at all.." (Homer 378) This is Antinous insulting Irus and telling him he's clumsy and destructive.
  • "Cock of the walk, did someone beat your brains out? (Homer 386) This is Melantho talking to Eurymachus saying that he is prideful and full of himself, for example a rooster.

Themes

1. Perseverance: Odysseus perseveres in this story by never giving up when an attack comes at him, one by one. He strives to win his arguments, he strives to win the battles. He stays strong with himself, and does not give in to someone else’s statements.

2. Respect for the Gods: In Book 18, there was only one example of this theme. “Come, steward, pour first drops for the god in every cup; let’s make libations, then go home to bed.” (Homer 389) They never forget about respect towards the gods, giving them each a drop before drinking themselves.

3. Loyalty: It shows loyalty within this book because throughout this whole time, Penelope has been loyal even with the suitors always trying to get her. Odysseus also tests the servants in the palace to test their trustworthiness.

Thanks for listening!! :)))))))

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