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By Riyushi Mahadik and Matt Briciu

· Discoverer: Jöns J. Berzelius

· Discovery Location: Stockholm Sweden

· Discovery Year: 1824

· Name Origin: Latin: silex (flint)

  • ·Inactive element at room temperature.

· Does not combine with oxygen or most other elements.

· Water, steam, and most acids have very little affect on the element.

· At higher temperatures silicon becomes much more reactive.

· In the molten (melted) state, it combines with oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements to form alloys to form number of alloys.

The Germanium was discovered by a German chemist Clemens Alexander Winkler between1838-1904.

  • inactive element.
  • does not dissolve in water,
  • does not react with oxygen at room temperature.
  • dissolves in hot acids and with oxygen at high temperatures.
  • metal,bright, shiny, silvery color,brittle

  • melting point of 937.4°C (1,719°F)

  • boiling point of 2,830°C (5,130°F)

  • semiconductor.
  • It is use in semiconductors.
  • Used in the manufacture of fiber optic systems.
  • Optical fibers are now used to carry telephone messages instead of electric wires.
  • Germanium catalysts are used primarily in the production of plastics.
  • Germanium is also used to make specialized glass for military applications.
  • Satellite systems and fire alarm systems may also contain glass that contains germanium.

  • Germanium in the Earth's crust is about 7 ppm.
  • The two most common minerals of germanium are argyrodite and germanite. Germanite contains about 8 percent germanium.
  • Most germanium today is obtained from zinc ores.
  • Germanium is obtained from two mines in the United States- Alaska and Tennessee.
  • The United States also imports germanium from China, the United Kingdom, Ukraine, Russia, Belgium,etc.
  • Carbon is found in many different compounds.
  • It is in the food you eat, the clothes you wear, the cosmetics you use and the gasoline that fuels your car.
  • Carbon is the sixth most abundant element in the universe, and it makes up 32% of the Earth's crust.
  • It is obtained from coal deposits
  • Carbon, discovered in prehistory and was known to the ancients, who manufactured it by burning organic material making charcoal.
  • There are five known allotopes of cabon: amorphous, graphite, diamond, fullerene, and recently a magnetic carbon nanofoam.
  • The Carbon atom has six electrons, 4 of the electrons are in its valence shell (outershell).
  • Atomic Number: 6
  • Atomic Mass Average: 12.011
  • Melting Point: 3823 K (3550°C or 6422°F)
  • Boiling Point: 4098 K (3825°C or 6917°F)
  • Density: 2.267g/cu.cm.
  • Non-metal

Graphite combined with clays form the 'lead' used in pencils.

Diamond is used for decorative purposes, and also as drill bits.

Carbon added to iron makes steel.

Carbon is used for control rods in nuclear reactors.

Graphite carbon in a powdered, caked form is used as charcoal for cooking, artwork and other uses.

Charcoal pills are used in medicine in pill or powder form to adsorb toxins or poisons from the digestive system.

Carbon

Isotopes: 20

Electronic shell: [ Kr ] 4d10 5s25p2

Energy of first ionization: 708.4 kJ.mol -1

Energy of second ionization: 1411.4 kJ.mol -1

Energy of third ionization: 2942.2 kJ.mol -1

Energy of fourth ionization: 3929.3 kJ.mol -1

Discovered by: The ancients

•Density of solid: 7310 kg m-3

•Molar volume: 16.29 cm3

•Velocity of sound: 2500 m s-1

Atomic number: 50

Atomic mass: 118.69 g.mol -1

Electronegativity according to Pauling: 1.8

Density: 5.77g.cm-3 (alpha) and 7.3 g.cm-3 at 20°C (beta)

Melting point: 232 °C

Boiling point: 2270 °C

Vanderwaals radius: 0.162 nm

Ionic radius: 0.112 nm (+2) ; 0.070 nm (+4)

Uses:

•alloying agent like soft solder, type metal, fusible metal, pewter, bronze, bell metal, Babbitt metal, White metal, die casting alloy, and phosphor bronze

•tin salts sprayed onto glass to produce electrically conductive coatings.

•window glass is made by floating molten glass on molten tin to produce a flat surface

•magnets such as crystalline tin-niobium alloy which is superconductive

•tributyl tin is the active ingredient in a type of antifouling paint used on ships.

•metal coater to prevent corrosion

•Thermal conductivity: 67 W m-1 K-1

•Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: 22 x 10-6 K-1

•Melting point: 505.08 [or 231.93 °C (449.47 °F)] K

•Boiling point: 2875 [or 2602 °C (4716 °F)] K

•Liquid range: 2369.92 K

•Critical temperature: no data K

•Superconduction temperature: 3.72 [or -269.43 °C (-452.97 °F)] K

Tin is mined as an ore and then it is smelted to produce metallic tin.

Tin

Group 4

Si

Ge

Germanium

Si

  • Used in glass as silicon dioxide (SiO2).
  • It is used as a semiconductor to make microchips for electronics.
  • Silicon is also used in solar cells, tools, cement, grease and oils.
  • Silicon is the second most abundant element and comprises 25% of the earth's crust.
  • Makes up major portion of clay, granite, quartz (SiO2), and sand.
  • Primary mining areas are Austria, Italy, India, South Africa, Australia, Canada, USA, Brazil.

Tin is used to coat metals to prevent corrosion, it is a alloying agent, tin salts are sprayed

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