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John Garcia

Taste Aversion

  • American psychologist & pioneering researcher on taste aversion.
  • received his A.B., M.A., & Ph.D. when he was 38

-The Garcia Effect-

  • Graduated from the University of California: Berkley in 1955
  • Garcia eventually received an award for his work from the American Psychological Association. The Garcia Effect became widely known and is now cited as a prime example of prepared learning or, as it is sometimes called, biological constraints on learning.

What is Taste Aversion?

  • Form of classical conditioning:
  • involves forming an association between two stimuli resulting in a learned response.
  • the mind associates illness with specific foods and develops a strong distaste towards those foods, and so causes the body to intentionally avoid them
  • supports evolutionary perspective that being biologically prepared to quickly associate nausea with food/drink is adaptive

Presented by:

Narry Ouk, Natasha Hovey, & Karthik Ramaswamy

Types of Stimuli

  • Neutral Stimulus (NS): a stimulus that does not produce an automatic response
  • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits the response caused by the unconditioned stimulus itself
  • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response

Types of Responses

  • Conditioned Response (CR): an automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus.
  • Unconditioned Response (UCR): unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus

Experiments

Included:

  • bait shyness with coyotes & sheep
  • studying the effects of ionizing radiation on the behaviors of laboratory rats

[1974]

Bait Shyness

  • occurs when the animal tastes a toxic bait, normally resulting illness, and then subsequently avoids the bait, regardless of toxicity

[1]

  • lab rats were given saccharin-flavored water and, shortly after, were exposed to radiation (causing nausea)

Question:

[1]

[4]

What are some examples of taste aversion in humans?

  • an ongoing conflict had risen between conservationists and ranchers concerning coyotes & sheep
  • the coyotes bypassed the sheep, opting instead for the rabbits

Taste Aversion Clips

[5]

  • conservationists stressed the importance of the coyote and the biological niche it filled

[2]

  • ranchers viewed coyotes as pests & killers that needed to be eliminated in order to save their flocks of sheep
  • this indicated that their aversion was only towards the sheep flesh
  • aversion can develop after one trial

In Conclusion:

[3]

[2]

  • time interval between food exposure and sickness symptoms could be extended to several hours
  • sights, sounds, and other sensory information do not produce the same aversion to food as taste
  • discovered that radiated rats would eventually stop drinking the saccharin solutions supplied to them during tests

Works Cited

Cacioppo, J., & Freburg, L. A. (2012). Discovering Psychology: The science of the mind. Cengage

Learning.

Dewey (2007), The Garcia Effect, http://www.intropsych.com/ch08_animals/garcia_effect.html

Sarah Lavoie, Dr. John Garcia vs. Classical Conditioning, http://study.com/academy/lesson/the-garcia-effect-definition-lesson-quiz.html

  • Garcia's observations threatened the rules of behavioral psychology originally proposed by Ivan Pavlov

[1955]

  • coyotes were fed a sheep carcass laced with enough lithium chloride (LiCl) to cause extreme illness & nausea
  • after several meals and subsequent illness, the coyotes were offered the opportunity to attack live sheep & natural prey, such as rabbits
  • Garcia is best known for finding exception to the process of learning by classical conditioning
  • according to evolutionary psychology, taste does not exist solely for enjoyment, but for survival

Lab Rats, Radiation, & Saccharin Water

Examples:

1. Food poisoning

2. Chemotherapy Patients

[4]

[3]

  • showed that the duration between the CS and UCS could be hours and still result in conditioning
  • demonstrated that rats associate sickness with tastes & smells rather than other stimuli
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