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Carol Gilligan

Gilligan's Conclusion

She concluded that male moral development occurs from a justice perspective. Females have a care and responsibility perspective. They judge actions based on how those actions affect personal relationships and loyalties.

Social psychologist Carol Gilligan was born on November 28, 1936, in New York City. She has received her doctorate degree in social psychology from Harvard University in 1964 and began teaching at Harvard in 1967. Then in 1970 she became a research assistant for the great theorist of moral development, Lawrence Kohlberg.

Support is the key norm in any civilized society.

Eventually Gilligan became independent and began to criticize some of Kohlberg' s work.

Gilligan ' s goal was to prove that women are not " moral midgets " , she was going against many psychological opinions.

Gilligan's stages of the Ethic Care

Approximate Age Range Stage Goal

not listed Preconventional goal is individual survival

Transition is from selfishness to responsibility to others

not listed Conventional self sacrifice is godness

Transition is from godness to truth that she is a person too

maybe never Postconventional principle of non-violence: do not hurt other or self

''In a different voice''

Gilligan was a student of Lawrence Kohlberg. His works were mostly based on Piagetian stages of Cognitive development. Carol Gilligan disagreed with her mentor.

Gilliagan proposed a stage theory of moral development for women in her famous book ''In a different voice''.

Best known for her work, "In a different voice" (1982) .

Books written by Carol Gilligan :

  • In a different voice (1982)
  • Mapping the Moral Domain: A Contribution of Women's Thinking to Psychological Theory and Education, Harvard University Press, (1989)
  • Making Connections: The Relational Worlds of Adolescent Girls at Emma Willard School, Harvard University Press, (1990)
  • Meeting at the Crossroads: Women's Psychology and Girls' Development, Harvard University Press, (1992)
  • Between Voice and Silence: Women and Girls, Race and Relationships, Harvard University Press, (1997)
  • The Birth of Pleasure, Knopf, (2002)
  • Kyra, Random House, (2008)
  • The Deepening Darkness: Patriarchy, Resistance, & Democracy's Future, Cambridge University Press, (2009) (with co-author David A.J. Richards)
  • a dramatic adaptation of the novel The Scarlet Letter, co-written with her son Jonathan and produced by Prime Stage Theatre in November 2011
  • Joining the Resistance, Polity Press (2011)

Her theory is divided into three stages of moral development beginning from " selfish , to social or conventional morality , and finally to post conventional or principled morality . " Women must learn to deal to their own interests and to the interests of others . She thinks that women hesitate to judge because they see the complexities of relationships.

Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development

Birth to 9 - Preconventional:

Avoid punishment, Gain Reward

Age 9 to 20 - Conventional :

Gain Approval & Avoid Disapproval , Duty & Guilt

Age 20+ maybe never - Postconventional:

Agreed upon rights, Personal moral standards

Analysis of Theories

Gilligan's theory is similar with Kohlberg's. It is also include 3 stages. But for Gilligan, the transitions between the stages are fueled by changes in the sense of self rather than in changes in cognitive behaviour. Gilligan is combining Freud (approach to ego development)with Kohlberg & Piaget.

Gilligan has shown that Kohlberg's (and Freud's, and Erickson's) systems are based on a male-centered view.

Jean Piaget

Ideas

Notes

Contribution in psychology

Gilligan focuses on:

  • sex differences in moral reasoning
  • the perception of violence
  • the resolution of sexual dilemmas and abortion decisions
  • poses a major challenge to Kohlberg's theory by introducing a feminist perspective of moral development.

Carol Gilligan began her studies by critiquing Kohlberg's research method, which relied exclusively on boys. She was also going against opinions of other greatest psychologists:

  • SIGMUND FREUD
  • ERIK ERIKSON

Ideas

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