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Language replacement is the obliteration of an entire culture through war, disease, assimilation, or any combination of the three.
These languages are nowhere near the point of extinction. These languages are some of the most populated languages.
Language Replacement
Hispanicization is the process whereby the number of Hispanics is increasing in the U.S.; currently the largest minority group in the U.S.
This is related to the Spanish language. Hispanics from Mexico are pulled into the United States for economic opportunities, ones that are not provided by Mexico. This ultimately creates the migration from Mexico to the US to increase over the past few years and ultimately the Spanish language.
Lingua Franca is a common language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce; originally referring to the “Frankish language” spoken around the Mediterranean before the Age of Exploration.
Spanish is more dominant over Bengali in this category because more countries have Spanish as either their primary or secondary language. Spanish is a common language used on trade and commerce.
Lingua Franca
Pidgin is when parts of two or more languages are combined in simplified structure and vocabulary.
Spanish and English merge together very often due to Mexican immigrants in the United States. Spanglish has emerged from the merge of Spanish and English and is very popular and widely used for ease.
Pidgin
Language convergence is the collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of peoples with different languages.
Spanish and Bengali are constantly mixed with English following the study of English in schools as a second language. Relating to lingua franca, this can by used in trade to better understand one another.
Language Divergence
Language divergence is when a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of a language, and continued isolation causes new languages to be formed.
Spanish originally was formed out of Vulgar Latin. After the Roman empire collapsed, the Latin language branched off into four languages, French, Italian, Spanish, and Romanian.
Like other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Bengali arose from the eastern Middle Indo-Aryan languages of the Indian subcontinent. The migration of these speakers and influences from Sanskrit and Assamese are what formed the basis of Old Bengal envolving into Modern Bengali
Proto - Indo - European/
Nostratic?
Languages or dialects in the Bengali group according to Grierson: Central (Standard) Bengali, Western Bengali (Kharia Thar, Mal Paharia, Saraki), Southwestern Bengali, Northern Bengali (Koch, Siripuria), Rajbanshi, Bahe, Eastern Bengali (East Central, including Sylheti), Haijong, Southeastern Bengali (Chakma), Ganda, Vanga, Chittagonian (possible dialect of Southeastern Bengali).
The isolation of the cities are what causes the differences between the dialects. The city of Chittagong, for example, is surrounded by rivers and farmland that a different way of speaking Bengali arose.
Local or regional characteristics of a language. More than just a different accent, dialects have distinctive grammar and vocabulary
Andalusian (Andalú, Andaluz, Andalusí), Aragonese, Murcian, Navarrese, Castilian, Canary Islands Spanish (Isleño), American Spanish (Chicano), Silbo Gomero. Leonese has similarities to Asturian, and may be extinct. Lexical similarity: 89% with Portuguese, 85% with Catalan, 82% with Italian, 76% with Sardinian, 75% with French, 74% with Ladin, 71% with Romanian.
These variants are due to the migration and diffusion of the language. When Spanish migrants immigrate to Mexico, they develop many more dialects due to isolation from Spain.
Most languages in the World trace back origins to the major language family, Proto-Indo-European. Both Spanish and Bengali are located in this major family. This concludes that there are similarities between the two languages. For instance, mother in Spanish is madre. Mother in Bangla is Ma.
Agriculture theory: theory of the diffusion of the Proto-Indo-European language into Europe through the innovation of agriculture (being more efficient than hunting and gathering). Its hearth is around modern day Anatolia.
Bengali serves as an example for this theory. Bangladesh is known for its rice farms and its many other exports of agricultural products. Through exports and trade, other countries learned the Bengali language in order to trade effectively.
Theory of the diffusion of the Proto-Indo-European language into Europe through the speakers’ overpowering of earlier inhabitants through warfare and technology (e.g., fighting on horseback). Its hearth is around modern day Ukraine.
Spanish is one example of this conquest theory. Many wars were fought throughout Spain's history, including the Spanish-American War, the Franco-Spanish War, and the Anglo-Spanish War. While fighting in these countries, many people developed the language of Spanish from these wars.
Language Hearth: Bangladesh and Eastern Part of India (Bengal)
Language Diffusion: Western Regions. Also spoken in Canada, India, Malawi, Nepal, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and United States
Uses Ideograms
More seen as an isolate because of it being a standard language in Bangladesh
Language Hearth: Originated from the Latin Language spoken by the Romans 2000 years ago. Prospers mainly in Portugal and Spain
Language Diffusion: Spoken in Central, south; Canary Islands. Also in Andorra, Anguilla, Argentina, Aruba, Australia, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia, Canada, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, United States, U.S. Virgin Islands, Uruguay, Venezuela
Uses the Alphabet
Less seen as an isolate because of its wide diffusion
Geographical boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs.
There are various mountain ranges and vast farmlands that separate regions on Bangladesh from each other. For example, Chittagong and Dhaka (capital of Bangladesh having the dialect of standard Bengali) are seperated by farmlands and mountains, such as the Keokradong mountain.
The obvious boundary between world countries with the Spanish language is the water masses. For example, Spain and Portugal are seperated from Mexico by the Atlantic Ocean.
Toponyms
Spain - San Francisco and San Juan in California indicate they were established by Spain due to their Spanish and Catholic connotations. Many Spanish toponyms are located in Spanish parts of the world, such as Mexican communities and California.
Bangladesh - very limited toponyms distributed. City names, regions in Bangladesh, and parts of East Bengal in India have Bengali toponyms.
A multilingual state is a country in which two or more languages are spoken.
A monolingual state is a country in which only one language is primarily spoken
Standard Language is a variant of a language that a country’s intellectual or politically elite seek to promote as the norm.
Bangladesh and Spain has sought to adapt the two languages presented as the norms, including all their dialects. These being the language hearths, government strives to provide the languages of Bengali and Spanish into society. (This goes hand in hand with the official language)
Bangladesh only has one language, which is Bengali. Their independence from the British and Pakistan in 1971 allowed for independence from other powers and allowed Bangladesh to prosper with their lanugage.
As both countries and languages ultimately fall under the monolingual state, they do not fall under the multilingual state category.
Spain is also another mololingual state with the exceptions of the nearby islands that establish their own languages, including Basque and Catalonia. Reasons are the same as to why there is a need for one official languages.
Official languages occur in multilingual states the language selected, often by the elite, to promote internal cohesion
As stated before in the "standard language", Bangladesh and Spain established their language and are monolingual states. Therefore, their standard language is their official language, by extension.