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English varieties

-Canadian

Marzena Michalak-Piekna

Anita Kliczykowska

Malgorzata Witek

Canada

CANADA

CANADA

  • is a country in the northern part of North America
  • covers 9.98 million square kilometres
  • it the world's second-largest country by total area
  • Canada's southern border with the United States,
  • stretching some 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi), is the world's longest bi-national land border.

FACTS

The capital of Canada

Ottawa

The largest metropolitan areas

Vancouver

Toronto

CITY

Montreal

Canadian English (CanE, CE, en-CA)

INTRO

is the set of varieties of the English language native to Canada. According to the 2011 census, English was the first language of approximately 19 million Canadians, or 57% of the population; the remainder of the population were native speakers of Canadian French (22%) or other languages (allophones, 21%). A larger number, 28 million people, reported using English as their dominant language. 82% of Canadians outside the province of Quebec reported speaking English natively, but within Quebec the figure was just 7.7% as most of its residents are native speakers of Quebec French.

Phonology

Phonologically, Canadian and American English are classified together as North American English, emphasizing the fact that the vast majority of outsiders, even other native English speakers, cannot distinguish the typical accents of the two countries by sound alone.

Phonology

Disagreements

Disagreements

There are minor disagreements over the degree to which even Canadians and Americans themselves can differentiate their own two accents, and there is even evidence that some Western American English (Pacific Northwest and California English, for example) is undergoing a vowel shift partially coinciding with the one first reported in mainland Canadian English in the early 1990s.

Canadian English

May 7-15 Barcelona

Canadian

English

contains major elements of both British English and American English, as well as many uniquely Canadian characteristics. While, broadly speaking, Canadian English tends to be closest to American English in terms of linguistic distance, the precise influence of American English, British English and other sources on Canadian English varieties has been the ongoing focus of systematic studies since the 1950s.

Spelling tendencies

CANADIAN

SPELLING

Canadian spelling of the English language combines British and American conventions.

Greek roots

Words such as realize and paralyze are usually spelled with -ize or -yze rather than -ise or

-yse. (The etymological convention that verbs derived from Greek roots are spelled with -ize and those from Latin with -ise is preserved in that practice.

C

French-derived

French-derived words that in American English end with -or and -er, such as color or center, often retain British spellings (colour and centre).

A

British spelling

While the United States uses the Anglo-French spelling defense and offense (noun), most Canadians use the British spellings defence and offence. (But defensive and offensive are universal across all forms of English.)

N

Nouns

Some nouns, as in British English, take -ice while matching verbs take -ise – for example, practice and licence are nouns while practise and license are the respective corresponding verbs. (But advice and advise are universal.)

A

Doubling consonants

Canadian spelling sometimes retains the British practice of doubling consonants when adding suffixes to words even when the final syllable (before the suffix) is not stressed. Compare Canadian (and British) travelled, counselling, and marvellous (more often than not in Canadian while always doubled in British) to American traveled, counseling, and marvelous. In American English, such consonants are only doubled when stressed; thus, for instance, controllable and enthralling are universal. (Both Canadian and British English use balloted and profiting.)

D

Differences

In other cases, Canadian and American usage differs from British spelling, such as in the case of nouns like curb, tire, and aluminum, which in British English are spelled kerb, tyre, and aluminium.

A

Phonologies

Phonologies

In terms of the major sound systems (phonologies) of English around the world, Canadian English aligns most closely to American English, both being grouped together under a common North American English sound system; the mainstream Canadian accent ("Standard Canadian") is often compared to the very similar and largely overlapping "General American" accent, an accent widely spoken throughout the United States and perceived there as being relatively lacking in any noticeable regional features.

!

Canadian vs. British

DIFFERENCES

Do you know ...?

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WOMEN

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Thank you!

Questions?

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