Língua inglesa III - Phonetics and Phonology 2021

Prepositions

Língua inglesa III: Phonetics and Phonology - 2021

Professor Gabriela Grande

Bucket List

Semi-Vowels

Pronunciation App

https://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/sounds-the-pronunciation-app/id428243918?mt=8

For Fun =)

Common Pronunciation mistakes

http://www.cristinacabal.com/?p=5903

http://www.macmillanenglish.com/pronunciation/interactive-phonemic-charts/

English Vowels

http://www.cambridgeenglishonline.com/Phonetics_Focus/

Adrian Underhill

http://australianlinguistics.com/speech-sounds/phonemic-transcription/

English Vowels - practice at home

We may say Phonetics comprises a wide range of sounds, represented by symbols (the first version of the International Phonetic Alphabet emerged in 1888 and, as we know, it has gone through many changes over the years), for all languages, being universal. While phonology is the study of abstract sounds system of a specific language. Of course things are not that simple in practice but this is a valuable distinction we may teach learners who are entering the field of sounds

The Schwa Sound

English Vowels

Some people wonder where this name came from. It`s originally from Hebrew, meaning nought or absence of vowel. It`s also said to be derived from two German words - Schwaches (weak) and Ausspruch (pronunciation).

Production of the sound: just open your mouth a little and emit voice. Your mouth should be in neutral position.

This is one of the most frequent sounds in English.

Consonants x Vowels

The articulatory difference

Consonantal sounds, which may be voiced ([v]) or voiceless ([f]), are made with either a complete closure ([p]) or a narrowing ([f]) of the vocal tract. The airflow is either blocked momentarily or restricted so much that noise is produced as air flows past the constriction.

In contrast, vowels are produced with little obstruction in the vocal tract (you will note that for all vowels the tip of your tongue stays down by your lower front teeth) and are usually voiced.

/i:/ x /I/ sounds

Disciplines which deal with sounds in linguistics

Voiced or Unvoiced -ed Ending of Past Tense Verbs

The "-ed" endings of regular past tense verbs are pronounced either (1) a /t/ sound, (2) a /d/ sound, or (3) an /id/ sound. Verbs ending with an /id/ sound are easier to teach.

For the word "work," the /k/ sound (not the letter sound) determines that the ending for "worked" is pronounced "work/t/"; for the word "clean," the /n/ sound determines that "cleaned" is pronounced "clean/d/."

"Voiced Sounds" Have a /d/ Ending

For example, for the verb "save," "save" is the base form and the final sound is "vvvvvv." - vibration of the throat = /d/ sound

"Voiceless Sounds" Have a /t/ Ending

For example, for the verb "miss," "miss" is the base form and the final sound is "sssssss." - NO VIBRATION = /t/ sound

http://www.luizotaviobarros.com/2016/10/pronunciation-ed-endings.html

-ED - Let's practice it

Phonetics x Phonology

Phonology

ARTICULATORY PHONETICS

is related to each specific language and its characteristics. Phonologists are interested in patterns of sound of particular languages.

Phonetics identifies precisely which speech organs and muscles are involved in producing sounds

ACOUSTIC AND AUDITORY PHONETICS

For instance, English speakers will tend to agree that although nonexistent, “snill” is a possible word (in linguistic terms, and accidental gap in vocabulary) whereas “fnill” is not possible (or a systematic gap – which results from the rules of the English sound System).

Focus on physics of speech, how sound travels from speaker to hearer forming sounds waves and the effects of those waves on the brain and ear of the hearer.

Through this simple example, we may note that even speakers who do not know specific linguistic terms, people who share a common language naturally develop an intuition (based on the sound system of the language) of what is acceptable or not.

Therefore, Phonetics has to do with anatomy, physiology, physics and neurology

Practicing consonants

Segmental and Suprasegmental phonology

We can study phonology in at least two segments: Segmental phonology, which deals with sounds individually;

and Suprasegmental phonology, which deals with sounds that goes beyond segment, as word sounds, stress, rhythm, intonation among others.

The "th" sound

The Th sound - read the article below as part of your homework.

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/09/28/th-sound-to-vanish-from-english-language-by-2066-because-of-mult/

Think and talk about the following questions:

Phoneme

Organs of Speech

Allophones

The same phoneme may have one or more allophone.

Example - the phoneme /p/ and the allophones for pin or spin

the smallest meaningful distinguishing unit of a language

Homographs

What is the difference?

READ

/ri:d/ - present

x

/r d/ - past

Accent

X

(mis)Pronunciation

same spelling =

= pronunciation, sound

Why am I studying English? Do I like it? or do I do it because I have to?

How do I feel about the people from English speaking countries?

Do I like the accent displayed on audio materials? or my professor's accent?

Would I like to sound as a native speaker of English?

What does it mean to speak with a native accent? How much of my identity would be lost if I started sounding like an American/Australian person?

Homophones

The same language, depending on the accent, may present the same phoneme with different allophones. And this is one of the areas of study for phonologists: accents. Of course these scholars will describe it only in an idealization of the referred accent as they are always changing.

Heel x Heal

= sound /hi:l/

= spelling

Homework - learn the sounds through the link below. Have fun!!

http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/english/features/pronunciation?ocid=wseng_prt_smc_facebook_mkt_br_BBCLEARNING_OBAN

The phoneme is the mental representation of a sound and is part of a speakers` knowledge, in their mind abstractedly (as in phonology). Whereas the phone is an actual speech sound (as in phonetics).

Minimal Pairs

If the phone is changed you might change the word itself. For instance, if we change the sound [k] in “call” with [t], you have tall, a different word. We have many examples of these as below and they are called minimal pairs (where only one sound is distinct):

FAST X PAST

BUY X PIE

SOME X THUMB

Consonants - Places of articulation/ manner of articulation/ Voicing

STOPS

Places of articularion - These are related to the modifications in breathing when speaking and are related to the consonants of the alphabet. There is debate on the literature concerning the types of manner of articulation, but we will briefly define the three kinds described by McMahan (2002): Stops; Fricatives; and Approximants.

Stops involves the complete, transient obstruction of the oral cavity.

Nasal sounds

Plosives

Stops will also include nasal sounds, where airflow continues through the nose. They are often referred as just nasals. English [m], [n] and [n] are voiced

If you put your lips together to produce pea [p] you will feel the build-up of air. We have voiceless plosive sounds like [k] or [t], or voiced plosive stops as [b] or [d].

Taps or trills

While a plosive is characterized by a complete obstruction of oral airflow, followed generally by release of that airflow, a tap is a very quick movement where the active articulator strikes a glancing blow against the passive one.

Phoneme /r/ and /t/

Scots - arrow, very

North americans - butter, water

Plosives

http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/english/features/pronunciation/tims-pronunciation-workshop-ep-17

FRICATIVES

APPROXIMANTS

Fricatives happen when both active and passive articulators come together but not near enough to block the oral cavity. This movement creates a hissing for voiceless fricatives, for example the sound [f] in the word five, and buzzing for a voiced one, for example [v] in the word five or [z] in the word size.

Approximants will use the active and the passive articulator, but never close enough to produce friction. Some of the approximants consonants phonemes in English are: /i/ yes, /w/ wet and /r/ red; they are all voiced.

Plano de Ensino

Discuss before the video

How many languages are there in the world?

Do languages shape the way we think? How?

Are there things we can say in Portuguese but not in English (and vice versa)? Provide some examples

Avaliações em tempos de pandemia

Avaliação 1 - Resenhas

Avaliação 2 - Atividades do Classroom

Avaliação 3 - escrita (Google forms) e oral (Google meets)

Do schools kill creativity?

Are you a creative person? Why?

https://www.ted.com/talks/sir_ken_robinson_do_schools_kill_creativity?language=en

How would you respond the following quote?

Things we need to learn

Common Ground

Amanda

- Fonética e fonologia

- Pós-Humanismo

- Documentários e filmes

- Podcasts

Douglas

- Inteligibilidade (pronúncia)

- Pandemia

Carolyne

- Comparação entre sistemas fonético-fonológicos

- Pós-Humanismo e pandemia

Discussion Statements

* Everybody should speak at least two languages.

* In the future there won't be so many different languages in the world.

*Tourists in my country should make an effort to speak my language.

* Life would be easier if all countries spoke the same language.

* I think learning languages is really important these days.

* Girls are normally better at learning foreign languages than boys!

* I languages disappear, different ways of thinking also disappear.

* Some languages are more important than others.