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After studying mathematics, physics, and psychology at the University of Vienna, he taught philosophy at Canterbury University College, New Zealand. In 1945 he became a reader in logic at the London School of Economics, and he served there as professor of logic and scientific method from 1949 until his retirement in 1969.
Sir Karl Popper (1902-1994)
Was an Austrian-born philosopher who for the most significant period of his career held a position at the London School of Economics. Popper was a philosopher of science, who also made contributions in epistemology, philosophy of mind and social and political philosophy.
Popper’s principal contribution to the philosophy of science rests on his rejection of the inductive method in the empirical sciences.
Popper argued instead that hypotheses are deductively validated by what he called the “falsifiability criterion.”
FALSIFIABILITY
Falsifiability, according to the philosopher Karl Popper, defines the inherent testability of any scientific hypothesis.
One of the tenets behind the scientific method is that any scientific hypothesis and resultant experimental design must be inherently falsifiable.
Popper says scientist always question scientific methods and is made up of unfalsified theories.
Popper proposes that scientific progress is the elimination of false theories.
He thought that this problem could be solved: It should be possible to tell the difference between (a) reasonable auxiliary hypotheses which help confirm a theory, and (b) unreasonable auxiliary hypotheses which attempts to save a theory which is false.
Thomas Kuhn defined paradigms as "universally recognized scientific achievements that, for a time, provide model problems and solutions for a community of researchers,. A paradigm describes:
What is to be observed and scrutinized.
The kind of questions that are supposed to be asked and probed for answers in relation to this subject.
How these questions are to be structured.
How the results of scientific investigations should be interpreted.
In his first book, The Copernican Revolution (1957), Kuhn studied the development of the heliocentric theory of the solar system during the Renaissance. In his landmark second book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, he argued that scientific research and thought are defined by “paradigms,”
Thomas Samuel Kuhn, (born July 18, 1922, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S, died June 17, 1996, Cambridge, Mass.), American historian of science noted for The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), one of the most influential works of history and philosophy written in the 20th century.
Kuhn earned bachelor’s (1943) and master’s (1946) degrees in physics at Harvard University but obtained his Ph.D. (1949) there in the history of science. He taught the history or philosophy of science at Harvard (1951–56), the University of California at Berkeley (1956–64), Princeton University (1964–79), and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1979–91).