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Transcript

POPPER

VS.

KUHN

After studying mathematics, physics, and psychology at the University of Vienna, he taught philosophy at Canterbury University College, New Zealand. In 1945 he became a reader in logic at the London School of Economics, and he served there as professor of logic and scientific method from 1949 until his retirement in 1969.

BIOGRAPHY

KARL

POPPER

Sir Karl Popper (1902-1994)

Was an Austrian-born philosopher who for the most significant period of his career held a position at the London School of Economics. Popper was a philosopher of science, who also made contributions in epistemology, philosophy of mind and social and political philosophy.

Popper’s principal contribution to the philosophy of science rests on his rejection of the inductive method in the empirical sciences.

Popper argued instead that hypotheses are deductively validated by what he called the “falsifiability criterion.”

FALSIFIABILITY

WAY OF

THINKING

Falsifiability, according to the philosopher Karl Popper, defines the inherent testability of any scientific hypothesis.

One of the tenets behind the scientific method is that any scientific hypothesis and resultant experimental design must be inherently falsifiable.

1

Popper also solved this problem: he demonstrated that scientific theories are actually tested by falsification, not verification.

And here lay the solution to his demarcation problem – science can be distinguished from pseudoscience by the concept of falsification using observations/experiments.

2

According to Popper, the most important thing is that whichever way a scientist arrives at a theory or hypothesis, it must be falsifiable. If a theory is not falsifiable, it is not scientific.

3

Although falsifiability is not universally accepted, it is still the foundation of the majority of scientific experiments. Most scientists accept and work with this, but it has its roots in philosophy and the deeper questions of truth and our access to it.

Popper says scientist always question scientific methods and is made up of unfalsified theories.

DIFFERENCES

Popper proposes that scientific progress is the elimination of false theories.

He thought that this problem could be solved: It should be possible to tell the difference between (a) reasonable auxiliary hypotheses which help confirm a theory, and (b) unreasonable auxiliary hypotheses which attempts to save a theory which is false.

DIFFERENCES

For Kuhn the normal science or progress in the transition from one paradigm to its conclusion or result. Within a paradigm, a field of normal science won´t have goals, and progress within the field can´t be measured in terms of the achievement of those goals.

PARADIGMS

WAY OF

THINKING

Thomas Kuhn defined paradigms as "universally recognized scientific achievements that, for a time, provide model problems and solutions for a community of researchers,. A paradigm describes:

What is to be observed and scrutinized.

The kind of questions that are supposed to be asked and probed for answers in relation to this subject.

How these questions are to be structured.

How the results of scientific investigations should be interpreted.

People and systems resist change. They change only when forced to or when the change offers a strong advantage. If a person or system is biased toward its present paradigm, then a new paradigm is seen as inferior, even though it may be better. This bias can run so deep that two paradigms are incommensurate. They are incomparable because each side uses their own paradigm's rules to judge the other paradigm.

WHY IS SO SLOW?

Is taught to newcomers to the field, as well as to those already in it. When the new paradigm becomes the generally accepted guide to one's work, the step is complete. The field is now back to the Normal Science step and a Kuhn Cycle is complete.

HOW IS IT USED?

KUHN CYCLE

BIOGRAPHY

In his first book, The Copernican Revolution (1957), Kuhn studied the development of the heliocentric theory of the solar system during the Renaissance. In his landmark second book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, he argued that scientific research and thought are defined by “paradigms,”

THOMAS

KUHN

Thomas Samuel Kuhn, (born July 18, 1922, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S, died June 17, 1996, Cambridge, Mass.), American historian of science noted for The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), one of the most influential works of history and philosophy written in the 20th century.

Kuhn earned bachelor’s (1943) and master’s (1946) degrees in physics at Harvard University but obtained his Ph.D. (1949) there in the history of science. He taught the history or philosophy of science at Harvard (1951–56), the University of California at Berkeley (1956–64), Princeton University (1964–79), and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1979–91).

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