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– the policy of extending a nation’s authority over other countries by economic, political, or military means
♣ Ex. The US was generally new to imperialism, but by the beginning of WWI we had seized control of the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and several other islands in the Pacific. However, we had not quite obtained Alaska and Hawaii.
♣ Who – Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the heir to the Austrian throne. Gavrilo Princip was a member of the black hand, which was a Serbian nationalist group.
♣ What – Princip stepped from a crowd during a parade and shot both the archduke and his wife as an act of rebellion.
♣ When – June 1914
♣ Where – The Bosnian Capital, Sarajevo
♣ Why – Millions of ethnic Serbians lived under the rule of Austria-Hungary and wanted independence.
– the policy of building up armed forces in aggressive preparedness for war and a use as a tool of diplomacy
♣ Ex. By the late 1800’s, the strongest military nation on the European continent was Germany. It had set up an army reserve that drafted and trained young men. Germany also created a navy to compete successfully against Britain. By the start of the war, France, Italy, Japan, and the US had joined the arms race to become a naval power.
– a devotion to the interests and cultures of one’s nation
♣ Ex. Certain ethnic groups did not like the dominance that they faced from the larger denominations, many wished they were independent. Also, another example of this is how Russia thought of themselves as the unspoken protector of the Slavic nations. This led to disruption between Austria-Hungary and Russia.
♣ Central Powers – The general public opinion was a strong disliking based on Germany’s aggressiveness in war tactics, their feelings were confirmed when the submarine warfare began.
Allies – The US public opinion was fairly happy with the Allies as the US had strong ties with Britain, as they were trading partners as well as shared information, such as the Zimmerman note.
♣ When Wilson proclaimed neutrality, most people supported his decision, as the Public opinion between the powers varied. Some Americans felt close ties with their homelands, and others felt close ties to Britain because of their similar languages and ancestries.
♣ The goal of this was to blockade the German coast to prevent weapons and other military supplies from getting through. Britain extended the blockade to neutral ports in the North Sea and mined the surrounding waters.
♣ American feelings towards the blockade:
• Many Americans were angry because not only did it prevent American ships carrying goods to Germany reach their destinations, it threatened the freedom of the sea and because of the inability to import foodstuff and fertilizer, many German’s starved to death. However, Germany’s response to this blockade soon outraged Americans.
♣ On April 2nd, 1917, President Wilson delivered a speech about his war resolution with the reasons:
• “property can be paid for, but the lives of peaceful and innocent people cannot be”
• “submarine warfare is warfare against mankind”
• “the world must be made safe for democracy”
• “ultimate peace for the world and the liberation of its peoples”
♣ A few days later on April 6th, 1917, congress declared war officially.
♣ This note was a secret telegram from the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico that was intercepted and decoded by British Agents. The telegram proposed an alliance between Mexico and Germany promising that if a war broke out between Mexico and the US, Germany would then support Mexico in “recovering lost territory.” They did this hoping to keep the US out of the war in Europe. Many excerpts of this note were printed in newspapers and Americans were outraged.
♣ German U-boats were submarines whose purpose were to counterattack any British or allied ship found around the Britain coast and to sink them.
♣ The sinking of the Lusitania is one major factor in the turning against Germany and the Central Powers. of the US public. This ship was sunk by a German U-boat off of the Irish coast, killing 128 Americans and 1,198 people in total.
Sussex Pledge: German promise not to sink merchant vessels without warning or the saving of human lives. The one condition being that if the US could not persuade Britain to lift it’s blockade against food and fertilizer, Germany would consider renewing unrestricted warfare.
• one of America’s generals who accomplished many things during ww1
• Most famous as a commander of the American Expeditionary Forces
• John J. Pershing and George Washington were the only people to get the “General of the Armies of the United States”. This is a honor that he worked for and gained for his service during ww1.
• Troops from the United States arrived in France in June 1917. These American troops, generals, and soldiers went overseas and formed the AEF. This is known as the American Expeditionary Forces.
• AEF included the National Guard, volunteers and draftees, and the regular United States army.
• The men that became a part of the AEF usually have never left their home and were nicknamed doughboys. Many think they were called this because of their belts that they all wore. These belts were cleaned with pipe clay, which was also known as dough.
• John J. Pershing believed in aggressive combat.
• Pershing also wanted his troops to be well trained. Believing in this cause him to force his troops to go to training camps in France.
• The Selective Service Act passed on May 18th, 1917, a few weeks after the United States got involved with World War 1. This was giving the United States the power to draft soldiers around the country.
• To promote the Selective Service Act, posters were made to spread the word. The most famous one was Uncle Same the Recruiter saying, “I WANT YOU FOR U.S. ARMY”.
• Before the truce was signed, about 2 million troops reached Europe
• ¾ of these men saw combat coming to Europe
• Most of the men that became drafted into the military didn’t attend high school in their past, and didn’t have a good education
• During the training period the United States trained in both the U.S. and spent some time in Europe.
• Training involved 17hour days doing target, bayonet drills, kitchen drills, and cleaning up the ground. These days became long for all troops and sometimes was very stressful for everyone.
• In 1917 this act required all men in the United States to register for the military between the age of 21-30
• After the men registered for they were randomly selected to join the military service.
After requiring this requirement, after a few months almost 24 million men registered to become a part of the military draft.
• Involved heavy guard of destroyers escorting merchant ships across the Atlantic Ocean groups at a time.
• In 1917 production increased the number of ships throughout the seas and oceans. These ships were found as easy targets in ww1 for the prowling U-Boats.
• Due to being easy targets the United States found the convoy system a way to protect shipping
• About 2 million Americans sailed during this time to Europe during the war. 637 were lost to U-Boat attacks after the convoy system took place.
• May 28th, 1918
• United States troops filled gaps between French and British lines during German offences.
• This battle was the first sustained offense of World War 1
• Many United States soldiers and troops captures the village of Cantigny
• Because this was the first battle that the United States entered in World War 1, our American troops were not prepared to fight
• This battle was the first battle that the United States entered, and was also the first major U.S. victory in WWI
• The battle of Chateau-Thierry was the first action of the United States with the American Expeditionary forces.
• The general during this battle was John J. Pershing.
• This battle was prompted by the Germans.
• The battle lasted and raged for three weeks
• Germans began their final offense to push the end of WW1
• This battle only lasted several days and later gave the victory to allies.
• German general was Erich Ludendorff
• This was taken place at the Verdum sector. (Northwest of the town of Verdum)
• Septemer 26 1918 was the start of this battle and lasted until 1918.
• This battle was the biggest victory for the AEF in this world war and was fully prepared for this battle.
• Armistice is an agreement for nations to stop fighting rather than one to surrender.
• This was the fastest way to end this World War
• Agreement happened on November 11th, 1918
• Ending this war was the bloodiest in history. Ending with about 20million soldiers or civilians passing away, and another 20 million getting injured.
• Economically this war cost $338 billion
• For the United States they lost about 48,000 men from the war, but another 62,000 died from other causes (such as diseases).
• All allies of this world war gave relief that it would be over
• Central Powers were exhausted of fighting
• For Germany, they had been defeated with a lost of casualties which made them let back even when other nations pushed them back.
• German allies started to crumble and that is when Armistice was clear to be the end of world war one.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Points call for
• “Freedom of navigation on seas”
• “Free trade among nations “
• “Fair resolution of colonial claims that arose because of the war”
• “Preservation of Belgium’s sovereignty”
• “Redrawing Italy’s borders according to nationalities”
• “Divide up Austria-Hungary according to Nationalities”
• “Creation of a League of Nations”
• On January 18th, 1918, Wilson spoke what he believed needed to be addressed to prevent another war to happen.
• Proposing lower tariffs, he also presented military cutbacks in the United States and freedom within the seas.
• During his address he stated “It is that the world be made fit and safe to line in…” I think Wilson determined his fourteen points to keep a safe end to this war and not to have another war outbreak
Allied Power Nations Disagree
• Not all nation agreed with Wilson because he believed in self-determination
• Many counties disagreed with many nation-states to become independent knowing that may not turn out the best in the end
• Wilson's goal: attend the Paris Peace Conference and speak his fourteen points to nation leaders
• Wilson also wanted peace around the world to Europe without hurting Germany
• About 32 nations planned to attend this conference, which at that time was a third of the world’s nations
• Some nations during this conference brought up that they wanted to become independent.
• Did not include the central nation that got defeated in the war
• The “big four” involved the four allied countries. These countries were the United States, Great Britain, France, and also Italy.
• The French prime minister and the British prime minister had different opinions. This created tension between the Big Four, but the prime misters agreed to the League of Nations.
• League of nations was stating for a peace treaty for all nations who were in ww1.
• Doing this also meant that Wilson had to give up on his Fourteen Points.
• Treaty of Versailles established nine new nations
• Changed boundaries for many nations.
• Barred Germany from maintaining a strong military, and army
• This required Germany to return some regions of land they gained during the war. For example they conquer the region of Alsace-Lorraine in France during the war to help them “win” the war.
• Germany in the end also paid for many of the damages.
* new technology was used to attack more soldiers from greater distances than ever before
-were used to “mow down” barbed wire and soldiers
-one of the most innovative weapons
-built of steel so bullets could bounce off
-because tanks were not damaged by either machine-gun or rifle fire, their use marked the eventual end of trench warfare
-loaded with bombs
-another one of the most innovative weapons
-travel faster
-carry heavy bomb loads
* The Red Baron and Eddie Rickenbacker
-a famous fighter pilot that learned to fly on his own time and eventually joined the U.S. Army Air Service
-repeatedly fought the dreaded Flying Circus- German air squadron led by the “Red Baron,” Manfred Von Richthofen
-after engaging in 134 air battles and downing 26 enemy aircraft, Rickenbacker won fame as the Allied pilot with the most victories— “American ace of aces”
-“I put in six or seven hours of flying time each day… My narrowest escape came at a time when I was fretting over the lack of action…” - Eddie Rickenbacker
-floating gas-filled “airships”
-first time aerial bombardment was used, targeting civilians in their home cities
-the first zeppelin attacks were launched in 1915
-slow-moving clouds of poisonous gas could reach soldiers sheltered in the deepest of trenches
-toxic gas, mustard gas, chlorine, and phosgene were all used to deadly effect
-guns had been refined and improved
-the new guns could hit targets that were miles away
-capable of firing 600 rounds a minute
-could inflict heavy casualties on the enemy
* The United States spent about $35.5 billion on the war effort
* Government raised about 1/3 of this through taxes
-government raised the rest of their money through public borrowing by selling “Liberty Loan” and “Victory Loan” bonds
-helped finance the war
-main regulatory body
-was established in 1917 and recognized in 1918 under leadership of Bernard M. Baruch
-encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency
-urged them to eliminate waste by standardizing products
-set production quotas and allocated raw materials
-applied price controls only at a wholesale level
-industrial production in the U.S. increased by 20 percent
-caused most industries to raise wages
-corporate profits soared
-helped produce and conserve food
-President Wilson set up the Food Administration under Herbert Hoover
-instead of rationing food, he called on people to follow the “gospel of the clean plate”
-declared one day a week “meatless,” another “sweetless,” two days “wheatless,” and two other days “porkless”
-homeowners planted “victory gardens” in their yards
-school children spent their time after-school hours growing tomatoes and cucumbers in public parks
-resulted in American food shipments to Allies tripling
-set high government price on wheat and other staples
-farmers responded by putting an additional 40 million acres into production and increased their income by almost 30 percent
-a conservation measure, adopted by the Fuel Administration to conserve fuel
-had first been proposed by Benjamin Franklin in the 1770s as a way to take advantage of the longer days of summer
-many people adopted “gasless Sundays” and “lightless nights”
-the Committee of Public Information
-government set up their first propaganda agency
-biased communication designed to influence people’s thoughts and actions
-head of the CPI was a former muckraking journalist named George Creel
-created thousands of paintings, posters, cartoons, and sculptures promoting the war
-U.S. newspapers also became agents of public opinion during the war
-many targets of attacks on civil liberals erupted, mainly by Americans who had emigrated from other nations (Germany and Austria-Hungary)
-many Americans with German name lost their jobs
-orchestras refused to play German artists (Mozart, Bach, Beethoven)
-schools changed their German names and stopped teaching that language, libraries removed authors from shelves
-Americans even changed the name of multiple things such as German measles to “liberty measles,” Hamburg became “Salisbury steak,” or “liberty sandwich,” etc.
-The Espionage and Sedition Acts targeted socialists and labor leaders
-can be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 year jail time for interfering with the war effort or saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or war effort
-Eugene V. Debs was handed a ten-year prison sentence for speaking out against the war and draft
-Victor Berger (a socialist congressman from Wisconsin) was refused a seat in the house, anarchist Emma Goldman received a two-year prison sentence and $10,000 fine for organizing the No Conscription League and was later deported to Russia, “Big Bill” Haywood and other leaders of the Industrial Workers of the World were accused of sabotaging the war effort because they urged workers to strike for better conditions and higher pay- sentenced to long prison term causing the IWW to fade away
-Great Migration
-the large-scale movement of hundreds of thousands of southern blacks to cities in the North
-many African Americans wanted to escape racial discrimination in the South
-there were many job opportunities for them
-migrated to such cities as Chicago, New York, and Philadelphia
-migrants’ lives changed for the better in the North
-leaving from a boll weevil infestation and floods and droughts, ruining much of the South’s cotton fields
-this caused overcrowding and intensified racial tensions
-some cities passed zoning laws that segregated city streets by race
-racially motivated riots occurred in some two dozen other cities in 1919
-Women in the war
-women moved into jobs that had been exclusively by men such as railroad workers, cooks, dockworkers, and bricklayers
-although still filled roles such as nurses, clerks, and teachers
-about 1 million women entered the work force during WW1
-Jane Addams helped found the Women’s Peace Party in 1915
-President Wilson was one of noticed the contributions women made to the war effort and acknowledged them
-that helped bolster public support for women suffrage- although did not equal pay for equal work
-in 1919 congress finally passed the nineteenth amendment granting women the right to vote and was ratified by the states in 1920