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Audio-lingual approach
4
Audio-lingual
approach
Principles
Saya & Shynar
Introduction
The audio - lingual method is a style of teaching used in teaching foreign languages. It is based on behaviorist theory, which professes that certain traits of living things, and in this case humans, could be trained throught a system of reinforcement , correct use of a trait would receive positive feedback while incorrect use of that trait would receive negative feedback.
This method was developed by Charles Fries. Language is taught through conditioning, stimuli, response to form new habits of the second language. More focus is on spoken language and oral communication.
Principles of the Audio-lingual method
• Students should "over learn, " i.e., learn to answer automatically without stopping to think. The teacher should be like an orchestra leader- conducting, guiding, and controlling the students' behavior in the target language.
• The major objective of language teaching should be for students to acquire the structural patterns. New vocabulary is introduced through lines of the dialogue; vocabulary is limited.
• It is important to prevent learners from making errors. Errors lead to the formation of bad habits. When errors do occur, they should be immediately corrected by the teacher.
Techniques of the Audio- lingual method
Techniques
• Dialogue Memorization
• Backward Build-up (Expansion) Drill
• Repetition Drill
• Chain Drill
• Single-slot Substitution Drill
• Multiple-slot Substitution Drill
• Transformation Drill
• Question-and-answer Drill
• Use of Minimal Pairs
• Complete the Dialogue
• Grammar Game
Descriptions
Descriptions
• Dialogue Memorization : through mimicry, students repeat the lines until they memorize them.
• Backward Build-up (Expansion) Drill : when students have trouble, the teacher breaks down the line. The students repeat after the teacher part by part.
• Repetition Drill : follow teacher's model, accurately and quickly.
• Chain Drill : teacher begins the chain asking a student a question then students one by one ask and respond. (controlled communication)
• Single-slot Substitution Drill : teacher says a line from the dialogue then says a word or phrase (cue). Students have to repeat the line putting the word in its right place.
• Multiple-slot Substitution Drill : Same as the single slot drill only teacher gives a cue that fits into many places in the dialogue. Students should make the changes necessary.
• Transformation Drill : Teacher gives students a type of sentence (affirmative) they have to negate it (negative sentence).
• Question-and-answer Drill : the students practice asking and answering quickly.
Descriptions
• Use of Minimal Pairs : pairs of words that are different only in one sound (ship/sheep). Teacher chooses words to work on their pronunciation after doing a contrastive analysis between L2 and L1 to locate the difficulties.
• Complete the Dialogue : have the students fill in the blanks in the dialogs provided.
• Grammar Game : games in this method are used to practice a grammar point. However it includes repetition rather than creativity in using the language.
Descriptions
Exercises
Exercises 1
Transformation drill:
Put the following sentences into Passive Voice:
1. They took the injured man to hospital.
2. They will serve lunch after the meeting.
3. We use the living room as a dining room.
4. When the guests came, we were cleaning the windows.
5.They will build a new school in our village next year.
Answer
1. They were taken to hospital.
2. Lunch will be served after the meeting.
3. The living - room is used as a dining room.
4. When the guests came, the windows were being cleaned.
5.A new school will be built in our village next year.
Put the following sentences into indirect speech :
1.He told us: " I am a journalist".
2.Liz said: "I saw David at the pharmacy yesterday.
3.They told me: "We will go on an excursion tomorrow.
4.Thomas said: "I study at Brighton University.
5.Judy told us: "I handed in my thesis last week.
Answers
1.He told us that he was a journalist.
2.Liz said that she had seen David at the pharmacy yesterday.
3.They told me that they would go on an excursion tomorrow.
4.Thomas said that he studied at Brighton University.
5.Judy told us that she had handed in her term paper the previous week.
Question and answer
drill:
What sport does Cristiano Ronaldo play?
“Keep Calm and Carry On” is the slogan of which nation?
Which company uses Santa Claus for their advertisements?
Answer:
Soccer/football
Britain
Coca Cola
answer
Multiple-slot Substitution Drill
Exercises 2
Change the words in brackets to match words
He bought a dress that is slightly bigger than her size.(she, a lot.)
2. She bought a dress that is a lot bigger than her size. (wanted, smaller.)
3. She wanted a dress that is a lot smaller than her size. (much, shorter.)
4. She wanted a dress that is much shorter than her size. (shirt, very much.)
5. She wanted a shirt that is very much shorter than her size. (I, saw.)
6. I saw a shirt that is very much shorter than my size. (far, larger)
Answers
answers
1.She bought a dress that is a lot bigger than her size.
2.She wanted a dress that is a lot smaller than her size.
3.She wanted a dress that is much shorter than her size.
4.She wanted a shirt that is very much shorter than her size.
5.I saw a shirt that is very much shorter than my size.
6.I saw a shirt that is far larger than my size.
Backward Build-up
Drill
1. moved to a far country.
2. they moved to a far country.
3. when they moved to a far country.
4. with everyone when they moved to a far country.
5. communication with everyone when they moved to a far country.
6. cut communication with everyone when they moved to a far country.
7. They virtually cut communication with everyone when they moved to a far country
Question and answer
drill
Complete the dialogue :
-......................?
-I’m from Oxford
-.......................?
-She is in the kitchen (her mom)
-.......................?
-The boss isn’t at work now
Repetition Drill
1. The northern town is far colder than the southern town.
2. She comes to school much earlier than I.
3. We are very much happier with more people in the house.
4. He was a lot heavier when he was a teenager.
5. Flowers this spring are a lot prettier than the previous ones.
6. The bullied boy was not any bigger than a five year old.
7. I was no better at fixing the drainage.
8. Work is rather more important than food to him.
9. They were a little noisier than usual.
10. The food was a bit tastier when we cooked it again.
The Advantages of Audiolingual Method
• Listening and speaking skills are emphasized and, especially the former, rigorously developed. The use of visual aids is effective in vocabulary teaching.
• The method is just as functional and easy to execute for larger groups.
• Correct pronunciation and structure are emphasized and acquired.
• It is a teacher-dominated method.
• The learner is in a directed role; the learner has little control over the material studied or the method of study.
The Advantages and Disadvantages
The Disadvantages of Audiolingual Method
• The behaviorist approach to learning is now discredited. Many scholars have proven its weakness
• It does not pay sufficient attention to communicative competence.
• Only language form is considered while meaning is neglected
• Equal importance is not given to all four Skills
• It is a teacher-dominated method.
• It is a mechanical method since it demands pattern practice, drilling, and memorization over functional learning and organic usage.
• The learner is in a passive role; the learner has little control over their learning.The Advantages and Disadvantages of Audio-lingual Method