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Hospital Aquired Infections
Nosus = Disease
Komien = to take care of
Nosocomial = Any infection aquired during hospitalization or attending any health care.
The manifistation may appear later after disharge from hospital.
Infection
Infection
Predisposing Factors
1)Related to patient :
-Age
-Nutritional status
-Social class
-Underlying diseases
-Potent medication : corticosteroids.
-Treatment procedures.
2) Hospital environment:
Exposure to patentially pathogenic organisms from
-Cross infection
- Carriers
-Lack of sanitation
Reservoir of the infection:
Reservoir of the infection
1) persons within hospital :
-patients
-Hospital staff
2)Persons outside hospital:
Visitors
3) Hospital environment :
Lack of sanitation
Mode of transmission
Mode of transmission
1)Direct :
a) Cross infection
b)Physical contact as scabies
2) Indirect :
a) Air-born infiction
b)Fomites
c) Hands & skin
Causes
&
Forms
Causes & Forms
Caustive organisms
Caustive organisms
1- bacteria :
a- Beta-haemolytic sterptocooci :
b- staphylococcus aureus : antibiotic resistantance
c- clostredium tetani : sepsis
d- coliform bacilli
e- others like pseudomonas,diphtheria,TB,bacilli
2- fungi:
e.g. candida albicans
3-viruses:
Hepatits , HIV
Clinical forms
Clinical Forms
1- urinary tract infection
2- surgical wound infection
3-lower respiratory tract infection
3- bacteremia
4- diarrhoeal diseases
6- others like puperal sepsis , meningitis, osteomyelitis
Diagnosis
Diagnosis
1- Patient history : Past Contact with doctors, nurses or other patients
2-clinical picture :
a- rise in temperature
b-hypotension
c-tachypnea
3-laboratory diagnosis:
a- bacteriological swaps
b-culture
infection control
Infection control
1-measures applied to the environment
2-measures applied to personnel
3-tracing of infection
4-strict administration , planning , supervision
Infection control measures:
Infection control measures
Measures applied to enviroment
1. Measures applied to enviroment
Perfect cleaning and sanitation of hospital environment
Adequate ventilation.
Perfect sterilization of instruments.
Disinfection of wards and articles.
Food control.
Vector control.
Measures applied to personnel
2.Measures applied to personnel
patients
Patients
• Proper treatment and proper choice of antibiotics to avoid emergence of resistant strains
• Avoid unnecessary excessive manipulations
• Full aseptic technique during surgical procedures, endoscopies, and catheterization.
• Chemoprophylaxis by proper and effective antibiotics. (asepsis is better than chemoprophylaxis).
• Early detection of cases, isolation and proper management.
• Surveillance by specialized Teams from organization such as WHO, CDC and Etc....
Hospital staff
Hospital Staff
1) Periodic medical examination
2) Standard precautions against infiction as.
a)hand hygiene .
b) intact skin .
c)aseptic technique .
d)disinfection .
e)cleaning.
F)immunization : HBV , BCG , influenza , meningococcal .
Visitors
Visitors
Control of hospital visits to avoid infection.
3.tracing of infection
Tracing of Infection
Taking swabs from suspected cases, nurses, doctors and other personnel to be compared with the isolated organism.
Comparison by serotyping or phagotyping.