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What causes the Gender Wage Gap?

This annotated Bibliography provides sources that explain the reasons why the gender wage gap exists and how effective it is to women globally. Some sources claim that this is an economic cause which is caused by women taking jobs with less hours due to the societal responsibility that is placed on wome to have a family. It also bases the wage gap off of discrimination that the economy instills on women by seeing them as less hard working than men. These sources explain that the wage gap is preventing women from getting promoted or authority roles in their jobs.

Internet Usage

Internet Usage

Gao Jiacheng, Liu Yue, Has Internet Usage Really Narrowed the Gender Wage Gap?: Evidence from Chinese General Social Survey Data, Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, October 2023, file:///C:/Users/sambe/Downloads/Has_Internet_Usage_Really_Narrowed_the_Gender_Wage.pdf, 12 October 2023.

This source discusses how internet usage in China has influenced wages. It claims that it has had a positive effect on Chinese men but has not increased Women’s wages, which only furthers the divide in the Chinese wage gap. This is due to the discrimination that occurs on internet platforms which only proves how the wage gap is caused by discrimination. This source uses studies and charts to visually display its information to make its claim more understandable to its viewers. This source also analyses how internet usage mainly affects lower-wage earners in comparison to those who make a higher wage. Women in this country are experiencing more economic discrimination due to a “glass ceiling” being placed on them. Even though the Internet has improved the Chinese economy, it has only decreased economic gain for women in China. This source then conducts a study by analyzing the results of a survey that was conducted in 2018 where they sampled 10000 working households. The conclusion of this study supports the claim that women did not benefit economically from the usage of the internet; however, men experienced a lot of economic benefits from the internet. I will use this source to discuss whether internet awareness of the causes of this wage gap will really change it for the better.

Discrimination

Kota Tagami, What Causes the Gender Wage Gap in Japan?, Japan’s Employment Systems and Public Policy, April 2023, https://www.jil.go.jp/english/jli/documents/2023/042-05.pdf,Links to an external site. 12 October 2023.

This source discusses how the Gender Wage Gap affects women in Japan and how Japanese women receive a lot more discrimination than most women in developed countries and how the societal image of women in Japan causes them to have a wage gap. The author claims that the source of this wage gap is inequality within the labor field. One of the reasons why this occurs is because women are not given the ability to be promoted and are in fields where their managers and bosses are men. This source also mentions that the cause of the discrimination is the glass ceiling effect, which prevents women from experiencing any promotion or growth of economic power, like their male counterparts. The author states that promotions are given to those who work harder at their jobs and due to discrimination, women are seen as not working as hard as men. The source also uses a chart to prove how the wage gap widens as women age. It proves the claim that women experience more economic discrimination the less they are seen as fit for work, which the Japanese society believes that hard work decreases with age. This source compares the economic experience of Japanese women to American women to allow its readers to understand what Japanese women are experiencing. I will use this source to prove how this gap is occurring in America and worse in other countries.

Discrimination

Minority Women

This source finds economic reasoning as to why there is a Gender wage gap was caused by women taking time off to start a family. The author claims that the reason why women make less money than men is due to their choice to have children and take care of them. It also states how women face more of an economic disadvantage for working part-time or taking time off than men. This source also explains how this affects women of color since women of color earn less than their white counterparts. The author refers to a study that was done where 50 resumes were submitted to jobs. However, resumes with white-sounding names got call backs a lot more than resumes that had a name that was stereotypically linked to a person of color. I will use this source to explain how women of color are affected by the wage gap and how women that are forced to take time off end up making less money than their male counterparts.

Minority Women

Economic causes

Liu Kai, Explaining the gender wage gap: Estimates from a dynamic model of job changes and hours changes, Quantitative Economics, 2016, file:///C:/Users/sambe/Downloads/Explaining_the_gender_wage_gap_Estimates_from_a_dy.pdf, 12 October 2023.

This source explains the economic causes of the Gender Wage gap and how it is an economic problem. It claims that the wage gap is worse for women who are working part-time versus a full-time position. This is because the source claims that women with part-time jobs are seen as less hardworking and put in fewer hours. Yet, most women are forced to work in a part-time position when they are burdened with the role of having a family. The source then considers all the variables that can affect a woman’s wage in a graph. This includes how many hours a woman is working, her race if she is married has a family, or if she lives in an urban area. These factors are measured in a study that was conducted. This source also processes the mean wages of women in different jobs and compares these to the wages that men earn, only proving further how this wage gap is based on how many hours a woman works. It also considers how much education a woman receives compared to a man and how this affects a woman’s earnings. This paper then concludes that the wage gap is caused by the economy and the fact that the average woman receives less education and works less. What this source does not discuss is how the reason why women do not work as much as men is due to the societal role that has them burdened to domestic tasks. This source uses charts to visually display how the Gender Gap is an economic problem. I will use this source to support the claim that the Wage gap is caused by the economy.

Economic Causes

Societal Roles

Societal Roles

Schieder Jessica, Gould Elise, “Women’s Work” and the Gender Pay Gap, Economic Policy Institute, 20 July 2016, https://www.epi.org/publication/womens-work-and-the-gender-pay-gap-how-discrimination-societal-norms-and-other-forces-affect-womens-occupational-choices-and-their-pay/Links to an external site., 12 October 2023.

This source considers how women are encouraged to seek less education and jobs that will give them more time to raise a family, by a misogynistic view of how women should spend time raising a family. It explains how harder working jobs that pay more and require more hours are harder for women to access especially a woman who is trying to raise a family. The author addresses the counter argument that people claim how this wage gap is caused by women making a choice to work less hours and states that even if women work the same jobs and the same amount of hours as a man, the man will make more money than her. The source also states how women make less than men in every education level, even if they have the same amount of education as a man. All of these claims support the perspective that the wage gap is based on discrimination. This is displayed through graphs that measure the effect of what raising a family does on a woman economically. This source concludes with the idea of how the wage gap is based off of misogynistic ideals that a woman must fulfill in her lifetime. I will use this source to prove how societal roles of women cause them to make less money.

Global

Global

Schifman Laura, Oden Rikki, Koestner Carolyn, Gender Wage Gap: Causes, Impacts, and Ways to Close the Gap, January 2019, file:///C:/Users/sambe/Downloads/2019_ReferenceWorkEntry_.pdf, 12 October 2023.

This source ponders the possibility of a wage gap after women are given equal opportunities and education in developed countries, and it discusses that this wage gap is rooted in discriminatory views against women and their societal roles. It provides the history of this wage gap and connects it to the discriminatory views that were placed on women in that time period. This source compares developed and non-developed countries to state how much women in the work force are affected by the wage gap. This is supported by the claim of how women are more likely to work in part time jobs so they can fulfill domestic responsibilities that they are held accountable for in other countries. The source uses evidence to prove how women participating in the workforce globally is currently decreasing due to the discrimination they face in work and the wage gaps. It also is used to explain how women leave their work to start a family, which is a factor in the wage gap. The source considers how the factors of race, education, sexuality, age, and disability effects how much work a woman does. The source concludes with the idea what women do not have wage equality and wont for at least one hundred years. This is because women are still seen as care takers. I will use this source to argue how even though women are given equal opportunity, they still feel the effects of the wage gap.

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