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AIR POLLUTION
WHAT IS IT?
Made BY:-
Akarshit
Avinash
AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution is one such form that refers to the contamination of the air, irrespective of indoors or outside
A physical, biological or chemical alteration to the air in the atmosphere can be termed as pollution
The sustainment of all things living is due to a combination of gases that collectively form the atmosphere; the imbalance caused by the increase or decrease in the percentage of these gases can be harmful to survival.
It occurs when any harmful dust and smoke enters into the atmosphere and makes it difficult for plants and animals to survive as the air becomes dirty.
Another way of looking at air pollution could be any substance that holds the potential to hinder the atmosphere or the well being of the living beings surviving in it.
CAUSES
GENESIS
Air pollution results from both human and natural activities. Emissions from power plants present a perfect example of human activities whereas volcanic eruptions and forest fires are some of the natural aspects.
Exhaust from factories and industries
Industrial pollution can impact your health by introducing harmful particles that can become suspended in the air as well as heavier materials that remain on the surface, contaminating soil and groundwater.
Pollution emitting from vehicles
Emissions from cars increase the levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The percentage of air pollution caused by cars is higher in urban areas and higher still near major highways.
Smoking Worse Than Exhaust for Air Pollution
Environmental tobacco smoke is a contributor of air pollution particles. These fine particles are a risk factor for chronic lung disease which can be debilitating and sometimes fatal. They can lead to conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema, and are also a risk for lung cancer.
Burning fossil fuels is the largest producer of pollution. Most fossil fuels are burned to turn into energy, and the gasses released into the air by burning.
The burning of fossil fuels
Volcanic Eruptions
In the world there are several active volcanoes which cause air pollution, danger to life forms and massive destruction of the land and the environment. Indonesia is the country with most active volcanoes in the world with 76 of them and total of 147 volcanoes.
EFFECTS
Effects of Air Pollution Air pollution causes irritation in the throat, nose, lungs and eyes. Contaminated air reduces the body’s defenses and decreases the body’s capacity to fight other infections in the respiratory system. Frequent exposure to polluted air increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Effect on younger generation
Respiratory and heart problems
The effects of air pollution are alarming. They are known to create several respiratory and heart conditions along with Cancer, among other threats to the body. Several million are known to have died due to direct or indirect effects of Air pollution.
Eutrophication
Eutrophication is a condition where a high amount of nitrogen present in some pollutants gets developed on sea’s surface and turns itself into algae and adversely affect fish, plants and animal species. The green colored algae that are present on lakes and ponds is due to the presence of this chemical only.
Global Warming
Another direct effect is the immediate alterations that the world is witnessing due to global warming. With increased temperatures worldwide, increase in sea levels and melting of ice from colder regions and icebergs, displacement and loss of habitat have already signaled an impending disaster if actions for preservation and normalization aren’t undertaken soon.
Effect on Wildlife
Just like humans, animals also face some devastating effects of air pollution. Toxic chemicals present in the air can force wildlife species to move to a new place and change their habitat. The toxic pollutants deposit over the surface of the water and can also affect sea animals.
Significant morbidity and mortality in children is attributed to ambient air pollution at great economic cost to society. As our cities grow and our population increases, we need to be aware of air pollution and its effects on children. Further studies are needed in India to improve our understanding of air pollution on the health of children to aide policy-makers in decisions that relate to the sustainability of development.
Depletion of Ozone layer
Ozone exists in the Earth’s stratosphere and is responsible for protecting humans from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. Earth’s ozone layer is depleting due to the presence of chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. As the ozone layer will go thin, it will emit harmful rays back on earth and can cause skin and eye related problems. UV rays also have the capability to affect crops.
Acid Rain
Harmful gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are released into the atmosphere during the burning of fossil fuels. When it rains, the water droplets combine with these air pollutants, becomes acidic and then falls on the ground in the form of acid rain. Acid rain can cause great damage to human, animals, and crops.
THE UGLY
SOLUTIONS
THE GOOD
The Solution
The solution of above equation can be obtained as b = (X′X)−1(X′Y)(X′X)−1(X′Y)
using minimum square error technique. Further the F-test has been performed to determine whether a relationship exists between the dependent variables and regressors. The t-test is also performed in order to determine the potential value of each of the regressors’ variables in the regression model. The resulting model can be used to predict future values.
E1
where Y is dependent variable, X2, X3…......., Xk are independent variables, b1, b2…......., bk are linear regression parameters and e is an estimated error term, which is obtained from independent random sampling from the normal distribution with mean zero and constant variance. The purpose of regression modeling is to estimate the b1, b2.........., bk, which can be made using minimum square error technique.Here Y is an n x 1, X is an n x k, b is a k x 1 and e is an n x 1 matrix.
The "Y"
The Relationship
If the relationship between air pollutants and meteorological variables is not linear, non-linear models like Artificial Neural Network can be used for treating the non-linear relationship.
Other Ideas
Measures taken by the government
Indian government can take the steps taken by China, Singapore and Japan. These countries have installed tower size air purifiers in center of their pollutes cities. This made a drastic change in the air of these countries. The national government of Japan has enforced the Air Pollution Control Law to regulate industrial smoke emissions and vehicle exhaust gases.
The EPA
National Ambient Air Quality Standards envisaging 12 pollutants have been notified under EPA, 1986 and 115 emission/effluent standards for 104 different sectors of industries, besides 32 general standards for ambient air have also been notified.
A Graded Response Action Plan for control of air pollution in Delhi and NCR region has been notified. This plan specifies actions required for controlling particulate matter (PM emissions from various sources and prevent PM10 and PM2.5 levels to go beyond ‘moderate’ national Air Quality Index (AQI) category. The measures are cumulative. Emergency and Severe levels include cumulatively all other measures listed in the lower levels of AQI including Very Poor, Poor and Moderate. Actions listed in the Poor to Moderate category need to be implemented though out the year.
The Graded Response Action Plan
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has issued a comprehensive set of directions under section 18 (1) (b) of Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1986 for implementation of 42 measures to mitigate air pollution in major cities including Delhi and NCR comprising of action points to counter air pollution in major cities which include control and mitigation measures related to vehicular emissions, re-suspension of road dust and other fugitive emissions, bio-mass/municipal solid waste burning, industrial pollution, construction and demolition activities, and other general steps.CPCB had taken a number of Proactive steps to help improve ground implementation .40 CPCB teams deployed for ground feedback on air polluting activities in the country.
Initiatives by the CPCB
In order to involve people in the effort, Government had launched a campaign called ‘Harit Diwali and Swasth Diwali’ involving over 2000 schools in Delhi and over two lakh schools in the country. During air pollution emergency periods measures like ban on construction, sprinkling of water, ban on entry of truck etc. which are there under GRAP were implemented.
Other implemented campaigns, programmes and laws
Emergency Periods
During air pollution emergency periods each year ,measures like ban on constructions, sprinkling of water, ban on entry of truck etc. which are there under GRAP were implemented.The government even took the initiative to implement the odd-even rule in Delhi which has been a major factor in reduction of pollution.
The HLTF
A High Level Task Force (HLTF) headed by Principal Secretary to PM has been constituted by the government for management of air pollution in Delhi and NCR. First meeting of Task Force was held on 4th December 2017. On the basis of direction of the Task Force, Sub-Committee of High Level Task Force for Prevention of Stubble Burning in Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab has been constituted and report has been submitted for consideration by the HLTF. The Task Force has proposed a draft Air Action Plan on Abatement of Air Pollution in the Delhi National Capital Region in which time bound activities have been outlined. This has been put in the public domain for suggestions/comments from citizens and experts for possible refinements.
The Statistics
THE BAD
The Present
The graphs portray the gradual deterioration of air quality index of Delhi in the past 25 years.Each day on the x axis marks the most increase in pollution for each year.
Understand the concept of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle
Do not throw away items that are of no use to you. In-fact reuse them for some other purpose. For e.g. you can use old jars to store cereals or pulses.If we dont have waste management diseases will spread.
Air pollution will become the biggest global killer if certain measures, policies and laws aren't implemented
Use public mode of transportation
Encourage people to use more and more public modes of transportation to reduce pollution. Also, try to make use of carpooling. If you and your colleagues come from the same locality and have same timings you can explore this option to save energy and money.If the use of vehicles is not controlled then the air pollution will get to a point where we can not revert it back.
Deforestation needs to decrease
Emphasis on clean energy resources
Clean energy technologies like solar, wind and geothermal are on high these days. Governments of various countries have been providing grants to consumers who are interested in installing solar panels for their home. This will go a long way to curb air pollution.Ignorance of cleaner resources of energy will lead to a more polluted earth.
The Future
Conserve energy
Switch off fans and lights when you are going out. A large number of fossil fuels are burnt to produce electricity. You can save the environment from degradation by reducing the number of fossil fuels to be burned.If we do not save fossil fuels now our next generation would have to survive without them.
"A single mature tree can absorb carbon dioxide at a rate of 48 lbs./year and release enough oxygen back into the atmosphere to support 2 human beings." — McAliney, Mike. "Arguments for Land Conservation: Documentation and Information Sources for Land Resources Protection," Trust for Public Land, Sacramento, CA, December, 1993.
"On average, one tree produces nearly 260 pounds of oxygen each year. Two mature trees can provide enough oxygen for a family of four." —Canada's environmental agency, Environment Canada.
"Mean net annual oxygen production (after accounting for decomposition) per hectare of trees (100% tree canopy) offsets oxygen consumption of 19 people per year (eight people per acre of tree cover), but ranges from nine people per hectare of canopy cover (four people/ac cover) in Minneapolis, Minnesota, to 28 people/ha cover (12 people/ac cover) in Calgary, Alberta." - U.S. Forest Service and International Society of Arboriculture joint publication
Use energy efficient devices
CFL lights consume less electricity as against their counterparts. They live longer, consume less electricity, lower electricity bills and also help you to reduce pollution by consuming less energy.Saving enery is most important as saved energy can be used for doing some other work.
https://www.intechopen.com/books/air-quality-models-and-applications/mathematical-modeling-of-air-pollutants-an-application-to-indian-urban-city
https://www.cpcb.nic.in/
Miscellaneous materials from newspapers and various research documents.
Sources
https://cpcb.nic.in/cac/