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Political

Context

The Era of Good Feelings (1815-1825)

Political Context

Misery

As the turn of the decade come to a closing, the north and south began to draw lines. The south wanted to have Missouri as a slave state. As a compromise, Maine separated from Massachusetts and was declared a free state. This kept Missouri a slave state, added a new state to the US, and preserved the delicate balance of the Union.

MISSOURI

COMPROMISE

SLAVERY

11

Before Missouri, the Union had 11 free states and 11 slave states.

Marilyn Monroe

James Monroe was president during the time of the Era of Good Feelings. His first few years as president were a described as a era of peace. Later into his presidency, everything came crashing down. The economy was failing, sending the US into its first depression.

James

Monroe

Clay Face

Henry Clay was a US senator who introduced a plan called the "American System." It fed off the sense of Nationalism the US was feeling after the War of 1812.

Henry Clay

Economic Context

Economic Context

stuff and what not

Panic! at the US

Panic of

1819

In 1819, America was thrown into a what can be referred to as "the first great depression." The Panic of 1819, was America's first large financial crisis. Bad banking was the major cause of the crisis, it started the end of the era of good feelings.

THE SYSTEM! ARGH!

A 3 part system that would implement protective tariffs and a second bank as well as internal improvements. 2 of the parts were used that being tariffs and second bank.

American

System

International Context

International

Context

The United States and Britain agreed to limited naval presence on the Great Lakes in the Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817. This eventually lead to the demilitarization of the entire boundary and a tradition of an unfortified border between the United States and Canada. In other words, a friendship was born.

Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817

The Convention of 1818

There are three important conclusions that resulted from the Convention of 1818 which was between the United States and Britain.

1. The vague northern limit of the Louisiana Purchase was given a definite boundary: the 49th parallel.

2. The U.S. was granted the right to share the Newfoundland and Labrador fisheries.

3. Oregon would be open to joint occupation by both countries for 10 years.

Seminole Indians habitually crossed from Florida to raid bordering American towns and American criminals and slaves who escaped to Florida could not be recovered. General Andrew Jackson was authorized by Secretary of War Calhoun to clear the raiding Seminoles from American soil. Jackson went above and beyond, perhaps desiring to feel the thrill of war once again. He militarily pushed his way into Florida, destroying Seminole settlements, hanging two Indian chiefs, and capturing two Spanish forts. Spain rightfully demanded retributions to which much of the U.S. government felt was justified. Rather, Secretary of State John Q. Adams doubled down and in the conclusion of the 1819 Adams-Onis Treaty, Adams had negotiated to buy Florida for $5 million in exchange for Texas.

Spanish Florida

European powers invited the U.S. to get tangled in their conflicts, but the U.S. felt that it would not be fun, at least not for another century. So in a powerful, but respectful manner, President Monroe made decisively the most important statement of American policy of his career. In December of 1823, in what would be later called the Monroe Doctrine, Monroe gave his seventh annual message to Congress which expressed that Europe and the New World should not mix politically and that any attempts by Europe to do so would be seen as a threat. The U.S. would also not interfere with the existing European colonies in the Western Hemisphere and would avoid European affairs. The Monroe administration knew that the U.S. did not have the power to enforce the statement, but also knew the British Navy would protect South America so that U.S. markets remained open to British trade. Though the Monroe Doctrine drew little attention at the time, it did give voice a spirit of nationalism in the U.S. and would later become an important American foreign policy.

The Monroe Doctrine

Social Context

Nationalism

After the War of 1812, the American people were united by the common experience and felt as if they were one country, not as separate states. This contributed to the name of the era, but this national patriotism would be soon lost.

The First Few Years of Monroe's First Presidency

Peacetime

On his goodwill tour across New England, Monroe was warmly welcomed as the country was at peace and the economy was thriving. The 5th President's first few years were blessed with peace, liberty, and progress. Sadly, those good vibes were ruined when a financial crisis dubbed the Panic of 1819 reached every part of the U.S.

The North, West and South

Sectionalism

To bring back those good vibes, Henry Clay devised a plan to revive the economy called the American System. This plan drew upon the lingering nationalism Americans still felt. This plan, however, added to the growing sectionalism in the U.S. and decreased nationalism. The main sectional issues were protective tariffs, the Bank of the United States, the sales of lands, and slavery.

Protective Tariffs

The American people had conflicting views over protective tariffs.

Eastern manufacturers favored the tariffs as it protected them from foreign competition.

Northerners were against it as they feared it would affect their shipping trade and cripple their newly developing manufacturing businesses.

Southerners, who turned from supporting it to going against it, hated it as they had to pay imports because of the high tariff, and they felt the tariff limited the foreign market for southern goods by inhibiting international exchange. They claimed it was enriching New England manufacturers at the cost of the South.

Westerners were split on the tariff issue. The Northwest favored high duties in order to protect its agricultural production, while the Southwest favored low duties for the same reason the Southerners did—they produced cotton.

The Northerners were against the new national bank, while the South voted for it. During the Panic of 1819, the Westerners supported the new bank, but the Second Bank of the U.S. stopped allowing payment of debts in paper and instead demanded payment in specie—metallic gold and silver coins—which were in short supply after the War of 1812 due to a large trade deficit with Britain. The hardest hit sector was Western farmers who could not pay their loans to the Bank because they could not obtain the specie that was demanded. The bank then forced western branches to foreclose on farms with extreme debts. Westerners began to call for reform and the end of the Bank of the United States.

The Second Bank of the United States

Land Policy

In 1818, the government sold under 3.5 million acres of public land due to a lenient credit policy, which in turn led to falling land prices.

As pioneers of the west frontier, the westerners wanted cheap land, while the North and South felt the public land should be sold for as much as possible.

Northerners feared that cheap land in the west would leave the north with a shortage of workers that would force an increase in wages. Southerners were afraid of possible competition when the western lands were settled and planted.

In 1819, there were 11 free and 11 slave states, the Union was perfectly balanced, as all things should be.

Most northerners opposed slavery.

Southerners wholly supported and defended the institution.

Westerners also vehemently supported slavery as many came from slave states such as Virginia and Kentucky.

Slavery

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