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The End

Welcome to the Digestive System!!! Today you will travel through the digestive system

Lets Go!

We finally made it to the end!! Now we are in the rectum and anus

You made it to the end of the digestive system tour! I hoped you learned more on how food is digested through the system!!

The rectum and the anus is the last part of the digestive system

  • the rectum is the final 6-8 inches
  • the anus is a small opening around 2-3 inches long

This is the rectum

  • The rectum is the storage area for stool.
  • Hold the stool until release

Lastly is the anus

- when the anal canal is open (this opening is the anus) stool is passed through leaving the body

First we start in the mouth

Off to the large intestines

Digestive System Travel Guide

The mouth is the start of the digestion process

  • In mechanical digestions the teeth breaks down the food by grinding and crushing in a process called mastication
  • In chemical digestion the salivary glands secrete saliva that contains amylase which breaks down carbohydrates
  • Chewed food mixed with saliva is called bolus
  • The mouth is at a pH of 7

Peristalsis helps water from the undigested food be absorb into the bloodstream and moves the chyme through the large intestines

As water and other electrolytes are getting absorbed, chyme becomes thicker and forms into stool

In the large intestines chyme is very liquidy

- water is reabsorbed from the digestive material.

- The ascending colon is the start of absorption of any water left in the chyme

The large intestine is the final section on the alimentary canal

  • Is about 5 feet long, 2 inches in diameter (it's smaller than the "small" intestines ironic)
  • it is broken up into sections

- 1st section - cecum

- 2nd section - colon which is broken into 5 sections - ascending, transverse, descending colons, and sigmoid colon, and the rectum

The large intestines also stores indigestible materials before they are eliminated from the body.

  • Chyme turns into stool and is stored until release

OH NO!

It looks like the appendix is out of order. This is called appendicitis. Appendicitis is the inflammation of the appendix

- some people think that the appendix isn't necessary, but some researcher says the appendix holds good bacteria for the gut

- appendicitis can cause abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea

- The best way to fix this is getting an appendectomy.

Pancreas

Fun Fact

The pancreas also helps with regulating blood sugar

  • When blood sugar levels are high it produces the hormone insulin to bring it down
  • When blood sugar levels are too low it releases the hormone glucagon and sends it to the liver so the liver can turn glycogen into glucose

QUICK STOP

The pancreas releases pancreatic juices that contains enzymes such as amylase, lipase, nuclease, and trypsin to break down certain macromolecules in the small intestines for final digestion

  • Juices enter the duodenum through the pancreatic duct

The pancreas is also an accessory organ and is also necessary for digestion.

  • The pancreas is found behind the stomach

Off to the stomach!

Next is the Esophagus

Before we go into the esophagus, the epiglottis which is a flap of cartilage that sits behind the tongue must cover the trachea to prevent the bolus from going down the trachea into the lungs.

First the bolus enters the stomach and the stomach gets bigger.

  • As the stomach gets bigger it's called distention and it sends a signal to the brain to tell the stomach that it's time to digest.

  • Gastrin turns on Hydrochloric Acid (HCI) and when that is turned on it lowers the pH of the stomach which is a pH of 5-6 to a pH of 2

  • When the stomach is at a pH of 2 the pepsinogen turns into pepsin which breaks down proteins (because pepsin only works in a pH of 2)

Fun Fact!

Our stomachs are made of proteins and pepsin destroys protein... which means pepsin can destroy our stomach, which can lead to ulcers! Scary isn't it? Don't worry that's why we have a mucous lining on the stomach and HCI to protect the stomach so that doesn't happen!

In the stomach

The stomach is a hollow organ that has 3 layers of muscle

  • enlarged part of the alimentary canal
  • Has rugae - folds of mucous membrane lining the stomach

Liver

Mechanical digestion of the stomach

  • 3 layers of stomach muscles contract in different directions called churning
  • After stomach digestion the bolus turns into chyme (gastric juices and partly digested food)

The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects to stomach.

Whew! We're almost there. Next is the small intestines

Interesting Fact

The liver also helps with blood sugar regulations.

  • When blood sugar is low the liver turns stored glycogen back into glucose and release it into the blood

The liver main functions in the digestive system is continually making bile.

  • Bile is a digestive enzyme that breaks down fats into fatty acids which will later absorbed
  • The liver also metabolizes macromolecules for energy
  • The liver also stores iron and vitamins
  • It also destroys bacteria have been taken into the blood from the intestines

In the esophagus process called peristalsis pushes the bolus down the esophagus by a series of contractions and relaxations

This is green looking thing is the gallbladder

  • The gallbladder is also an accessory organ
  • The gallbladder stores bile and releases it into the small intestines to digest the lipids
  • When bile is needed, the gallbladder contracts and pushed bile through the cystic duct into the common duct which drains drains into the duodenum

The liver is an accessory organ for the digestive system, which means food doesn't actually pass through it but it's very essential for digestion!

  • The liver is the largest gland in the body

In the jejunum and ilium absorption occurs

  • The jejunum has villi (fingerlike projections) that increase surface area of tissue available to absorb nutrients
  • During absorption the broken down nutrients, carbs/sugars, proteins, and nucleic acids are then absorb in the bloodstream and carried to cells through your body
  • Lipids/fats are absorbed into lacteals because fats doesn't absorb well with blood

The small intestines is the main site for nutrient absorption and the final enzymatic breakdown of food molecules

In the small intestines, chyme leaves the stomach and enters the duodenum (the duodenum is the final stage of chemical digestion)

- In the small intestines chyme is mixed with bile which breaks down fats and other pancreatic juices such as lipase (breaks down fats), nuclease (breaks down nucleic acids), trypsin (breaks down proteins), and amylase (breaks down carbs) to break down certain macromolecules.

The small intestines is divided into 3 sections duodenum, jejunum, and the ilium. It is the coiled part of the alimentary canal and is about 12 feet.

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