APHUG models

von Thunen agricultural model

assumptions:

AP Human Geography

models and concepts review

1. The city is isolated

2. It is surrounded by a wilderness

3. The soil quality and climate are consistent

4. There are no roads; transportation is by oxcart only

5. The land is flat with no rivers, mountains, or roads

6. Farmers seek to maximize profits.

Russ Roles

AP Human Geography

The Carmel School

The Gravity Model

Distance Decay

Communities that are located at great distance from larger cities tend to have fewer interactions with those cities. This is known as distance decay. These isolated communities that experience distance decay will have different cultures from those of larger, well-connected cities and may suffer deficiencies in infrastructure, economics, and public services.

Small Towns

Because smaller central places are far apart and have smaller economies, there is less interaction between them and larger cities. As a result, small towns may appear "backwards" in culture and technology.

City A

City B

size of economy GDP

Trade flow between

1 and 2

According to the gravity model, cities that have larger economies and are closer together interact more than towns with smaller economies that are spaced farther away. Cities that are farther in distance may still have frequent interaction if their economies are large. This explains why cities such as New York and L.A. have much in common. Also, world cities such as New York, London, and Tokyo will have similar characteristics even though they are far apart

distance between cities 1 and 2

Grains

Grains last longer than other more perishable goods. They are also lighter per unit, reducing transportation costs. As a result, grain producers will occupy the third ring, paying less for the land and more for transportation costs to reap the maximum profit.

lower class

residential

Hoyt Sector Model (1929)

middle class

residential

CBD

upper class

residential

This urban model shows a city's expansion into wedge-like sectors emanating from the CBD. The model attempts to show the influence of railroads and mass transit on city expansion. According to Hoyt, Chicago is an example of this city model

Von Thunen

Agricultural

Model

varsitytutors.com

Dairy, Fruits, Vegetables

factory

zone

The Southeast Asian model shows that most economic activity does not orient around a CBD, but rather the “alien commercial zone”(AC) and “Western commercial zones. (WC). The AC is populated by Asian residents who live in the same building as their business. A spine runs along the outskirts of the city and contains government services as well as high class residencies. Toward the outside of the city lies an extensive agriculture zone and well as factories to accommodate a growing global economy.

The first circular region consists of dairying and market gardening. These activities tend to be more intensive than those of other regions. These farmers cannot live far from the CBD due to the perishability of their goods. The farmer is able to out bid other producers due to the lower transport costs he enjoys.

Multiple Nuclei Model (1945)

low income

residential

middle income

residential

Commuter Zone

The outer ring of the city consists of middle and upper class residential areas. People living in this region can afford the land and transportation costs of commuting to and from the CBD.

Ashbridge Estate, Toronto

CBD

high income

residential

Working Class Residential (inner suburbs)

People with lower incomes are unable to afford high transportation costs to and from work and must live near the industrial areas in less desirable housing.

CBD

The commercial heart of a city where business, governmental, and non-residential services are concentrated. Property values are highest inside the CBD

Central Business District

The multiple nulclei model shows the influence of numerous central nodes (colleges, ports, shopping malls) on the development of a city. The model also factors in growth of suburbs and the services (zone 8) that emerge to serve the suburban population. Upper income families tend to live near other residential zones. Lower income families live near less desirable industrial areas

The Factory Zone/Transition Zone

In the interest of reducing transportation costs, factories are located ideally in the zone adjacent to the CBD. In recent decades, many factories have closed down creating a "zone of transition" that is now populated by close factories, and dilapidated structures.

Residential (middle class) zone

The Concentric Zone/Burgess Model

As incomes rise, people can afford larger homes, more land, and the higher transportation costs to get to the CBD. They move further away to enjoy the amenities of the suburbs.

wikibooks.org

heavy

industry

suburban residential

Cities across the African continent are extremely diverse. Those is sub-Saharan Africa often carry the imprint of colonialism. These cities are likely to have three CBDs: the colonial CBD, the traditional CBD, and a market zone. Like the Latin American model the outskirts of the city contain several squatter settlements as residents from the country attempt to reach the economic prosperity of the city.

Latin American City Model

Population Pyramids

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

Stage 5

Latin American cites have developed differently than those in the United States and Canada. High income residences exist along a spine (major highway that extends from the center). As the cities radiates outward, the standard of living tends to decrease. The area of in situ accretion (zone 2) contains a variety of homes in various states of quality. The periferico on the outskirts of the city is occupied by low income residents who reside in of squatter settlements (favelas) made of dilapidated houses.

Forestry

researchgate.net

high income

housing

Wood was an essential resource in von Thunen's time that was necessary for heating, cooking, and building. It is heavy, and transport costs are high, so its location would be in the second ring of the city. The lumberjack cannot out bid the dairy/veg. farmer who is closest to the city but can still afford the higher costs of living closer to the city.

Livestock

In von Thunen's time, livestock were largely self transporting and required extensive land to graze. With little transportation cost, ranchers will choose to farm in the outermost ring paying the lowest land and transportation costs.

Wilderness

Age of Mass Consumption

This stage in marked by steady increases in the size of the economy. Overall economic growth is lower than the two previous stages, but is durable and strong. Overall, the economy relies on the consumption by a large-middle class make consumer confidence and consumer spending keys to success. Most developed countries today are in this stage

Beyond the fourth agricultural ring lies an expansive wilderness beyond which it is too expensive to produce and transport goods to the CBD. Little to no agricultural production will occur here.

Drive to Maturity

In this stage, the economy enjoys self-sustaining growth as it begins to diversify in different economic sectors. More products are manufactured at domestically and more consumer goods are made available to a rising middle class, which becomes an engine of future economic growth through increased consumption. Great Britain entered this stage between 1820 and 1900.

Central Place Theory

Takeoff to Sustained Growth

Central Place Theory attempts to explain the location and size of central places (cities, towns, etc.). According to Christaller, a central place is an area that provides goods and services to the surrounding population. He defined 5 categories of central places...

In this stage, growth dominates society but there is a special concentration in lead sectors of the economy such as cotton in Britain or oil and steel in the U.S. The rate of new investment rises continuously as productivity improves. This stage is also associated with major technological advances. Great Britain entered this stage during its Industrial Revolution between 1780 and 1820.

by Walter Christaller

Types of central places

Hamlet

Village

offer middle order goods such as shopping, and auto sales

Level of Development

Town

Preconditions for Takeoff

City

offers many high-order goods and services such as colleges, corporate headquarters, etc.

Regional Capital

This stage features a maturing banking system which enables a rise in rates of investment, a increase in infrastructure, and the development of a more centralized state that is growth oriented. The first country to enter this stage was Great Britain between 1700 and 1800.

Traditional Societies

Characterized by a primitive technological and social hierarchy led by a monarch. Economic distribution is based on custom. Most societies fell under this category until 1750 or so.

Rostow's Development Model

Time

small population, only offers lower-order goods/services

Hamlets make up the smallest central places. They offer only a small range of goods and services such as local convenience stores, gas stations small post offices and possibly public schools.

Towns and villages offer medium-low order goods and services such as groceries and gasoline. Residents of these areas will not travel far to a larger city to get these lower order goods.

Other large cities offer high order goods and services such as fine shopping and dining, durable goods, and other institutions. (influence represented by red hexagons) These cities may also become quite large.

This represents the regional capital city. It offers a variety of high-order services that other central places cannot such as essential government services, airports, prestigious colleges, museums etc. It exerts a high degree of influence (represented by the orange hexagon) over others central places and contains a large, diverse population.