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Transcript

Mission Lab: Russia

SrA Chandler, SrA Adams, SrA Silvar

03/16/2022

1

Air Force Capabilities

Air

Superiority

Air Superiority: Russia

"Numerous arguments have surfaced to explain Russia's lack of air supremacy, from their lack of precision ordinance limiting the pace of sorties to Russian pilots and air defense system operators lacking combat competency- making the chances of friendly fire too high"

(Alex Hollings 2022)

  • This tells us that Russia is uncertain of their ability to de-conflict in a target saturated environment. Proven by Russia's history with friendly fire incidents.
  • Additionally, with the lack of pilot training occurring. It makes Russian pilots less capable in an intense combat environment. Meaning Russian aviators are not going to be competent enough to use some of the most advanced aviation systems within their disposal.

Air Superiority: United States

Air superiority is being able to maintain and establish control over the skies.

  • The Air Force has been able to establish and maintain air superiority since Operation Desert Storm.
  • The control of Air has allowed the "no enemy aircraft to kill U.S. ground troops since 1953" (Defense Primer)
  • As of Febuary of 2022, the United States has been utilizing aircraft such as: "RQ-4's, Global Hawk, Rivet joint, and WC-135, as well as an Army prototype named ARTEMIS" (Svan 2022) to fly into Ukraine and neighboring countries to get real time intelligence on what is occuring.
  • Over the year our Department of Defense has been leading in air superiority with the Air Force as adversaries become more knowledgable on air superemacy, the United States is looking to modernize our fightinhg force with a new Quadrennial Defense Review.
  • Air to air combat has been the most used air superiority tactic by the United States. However, the most effective tactic has been destroying ground targets from the air.

Command

and Control

Command and Control: Russia

  • "Russia’s defense ministry has announced a breakthrough in its ongoing efforts to introduce advanced automated command and control (C2) within its Armed Forces. The importance of this development cannot be underestimated, as it places the Russian military decision-making process and automated C2 beyond the existing capabilities of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) militaries"

( Roger McDermott 2019)

  • Russia is able to rapidly and effectively dictate their own version of command and control by implementing: Automated command, and Control Systems, therefore meeting little resistance because of an autocratic political system, vertical acquisition, and employment process.
  • Russia has established an unprecedented command and control to coordinate complex invasions.

Command and Control: United States

The U.S. uses command and control to exercise "authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned forces in the accomplishment of the mission" (Bowen 2021)

Command and Control is critical for military leaders to understand. Military leaders are tasked to make decisions and guide their troops on command control principles.

Military leaders use command and control with communication, command, control, computers, and intelligence (C4I).

A command narrative is an important activity for developing a "Strategic and operational command" (Cooper, Nacouzi 2019)

Using command and control allows the U.S. to make operational decisions such as:

  • Concentrate responsibility and authority
  • Enables delegation of "planning, coordination, and assessment activities" (Air University 2021)
  • Foster disciplined initiative

Rapid Global Mobility

Rapid Global Mobility: Russia

  • The transport fleet is the most fast-tracked fleet for Russia's rapid global mobility. When it comes down to air mobility. Russia is the second to the United States. The US has 658 heavy to large transport aircraft, Russia has 177, and China has 84.
  • With Russian transport fleets progressing fast, it gives them the opportunity to expand the airlift capacity and flexibility.
  • However in recent events Russia may have the leverage within the transport fleet realm.

Rapid Global Mobility: U.S.

  • The U.S. utilizes its Air Force to provide rapid mobility.
  • The Air Force has 122,000 air mobility airmen that help deliver equipment and personnel for missions.
  • Mobility forces in the Air Force "provide in flight re-fueling which is unique to Air force capabilities". (Air Force website 2013)
  • Strategic rapid mobility has been used during times such as the Berlin Airlift.
  • The Air Force is able to provide global mobility to other services by providing aerospace medical capabilities.

Global

Strike

Global Strike: Russia

  • Russian strategic community has expressed mulitple times their concern that the United States high precision conventional weapons have the potential to hold russian nuclear forces at risk. As of recent events Vladimir Putin has ordered for Russias nuclear forces into a higher state of emergency which is nothing less than a threat to the United States as we are their number one adversary.

  • Russia has one of the largest nuclear arsenals with nearly 4,500 nuclear warheads, 1,588 of those are deployed on ballistic and heavy bombers, 977 are strategic bombers, and 1,912 are non-strategic warheads witheld in Russias reserve weapon storage areas.

  • The most popular strategic bomber in Russias arsenal is the Tupolev TU-160 Strategic Bomber, nicknamed the "The White Swan" by the russian military. Which is a supersonic soviet-era aircraft with the capability of carrying up to 12 short-range nuclear missiles. This aircraft is able to cover the distance of more than 12,000 Km non-stop with no refueling required. This is one of the many aircraft in Russias disposal to employ global strike.

Global Strike: U.S.

  • Global Strike makes up a great amount of America's deterrence capability. America's nation can "project military power more rapidly, flexibly, and with a lighter footprint then other military options" (Air Force 2013)

The Air Force nuclear and conventional strike forces consist of :

  • over 26,000 Airmen
  • crisis response and escalation control responses
  • strategic bombers
  • missiles
  • fighters
  • and other aircraft
  • "Air Force global Strike Command, activated August 7, 2009, is a major command with headquarters at Barksdale AF base, Louisiana. AFGSC is responsible for the nations three intercontinental ballistic missile wings, the Air Forces entire bomber force, to include B-52, B-1 and B-2 wings, the long-ranges strike bomber program, Air Force nuclear Command, control and communications systems., and operational and maintenance support to organizations within the nuclear enterprise". (Air Force 2017)

ISR

Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance: Russia

  • Since 2015 Russia has re-analyzed how they perceive Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance by better understanding the changing character of war. One of the main drivers was transforming Russian military theory, concepts of operations, organizational structures, and force build-up.
  • These Russian lessons pertaining to the changing character of war fall into three main categories: New type of warfare, new type of enemy, and the implications for operational strategies.
  • Reconnaissance Strike Complex/ Contour: Is a combined arms system of systems that links together intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities. This has become a recurrent theme in Russian forces.

Intelligence:

  • Russia has had a formal military intelligence service for more than 200 years. GRU also known as the Russian Chief Intelligence Office. Within the GRU command has its own Spetsnaz (special operations commandos). Their soul mission is to conduct reconnaissance and sabotage.

Reconnaissance:

  • "The Reconnaissance Strike Complex was designed for the coordinated employment of high-precision, long range weapons linked to real-time intelligence data and precise targeting provided to a fused intelligence and fire-direction order"
  • " This fire system has now been successfully deployed and battle tested and is part of Russian Field Artillery Capabilities." (Bartles 2018)

Surveillance:

  • Russia is widely known for mass surveillance. Including: Open-Source Intelligence, data mining, and telecommunications data retention.
  • Additionally operators of free WIFI hotspots (restaurants, libraries, cafes, etc.) are required by Russian law to collect data from all users, identify personnel using passports, and store their data.
  • As an example- Open-Source Intelligence is achieved from information available to the public which can be collected and exploited within a timely manner to an appropriate audience.

Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance: U.S.

  • ISR is used to help gather information on the US enemies.
  • ISR is a key component to being ahead of our advisary.
  • Senior leaders are prioritizing ISR as Russia and China are starting to increase the ISR rates.
  • The DoD employs ISR by "[aiming] to connect ISR sensors across all war fighting domains." (Congetional 2020)
  • The DoD ISR enteprise is shifting its focus to optimizing operations to be able to defeat advisaries in the ISR capabilities.

Surveillance:

  • The use of commercial space services for military ISR is a growing conversation as battlefield commanders demand more reliable and timely data. The military gets overhead imagery from government satellites and from aerial drones.
  • Military security satellites are the core of national government. The US has 154 military satellites, Russia has around 71, and China 63.

Intelligence:

  • The United States intelligence agencies mission is to gather, examine and deliver foreign intelligence and counter-intelligence information to America's leaders so they can make decisions to protect our nation.
  • The Central Intelligence Agency is our most common intelligence agency in the United States. Focused on performing counter-intelligence measures be better with the goal of gaining more knowledge on a situation and stop suspected attacks before the can be completed.

Reconnaissance:

  • "Special Reconnaissance (SR) is conducted by small units of highly trained military personnel, usually from special forces units or military intelligence organizations who operate behind enemy lines, avoiding direct combat and direction by the enemy."
  • "As a role, SR is distinct from commando operations, but rather are often carried out by the same units. The SR role frequently includes covert direction of air and missile attacks, in areas deep behind enemy lines, placement of remotely monitored sensors and preparations for other special forces, SR units may also carry out direct action and unconventional warfare, including guerrilla operations." (Wikipedia 2022)

2

Joint

Forces

Unity of Effort

Unity of effort is the state of harmonizing efforts among multiple organizations working towards a similar objective.

Unity of Effort

  • "It is a known fact that both Russia and China are partners on a multi-dimensional basis, with a wide range of cooperation from business to the military to space. According to the Chinese government, the US should set aside the mentality of the Cold War and take seriously the security concerns that Russia holds. China would not hesitate to support Russia in the event of a conflict." (Goshwami 2022)
  • Russia's main goal is to have a seat at the world table. To do so they have gained the support of powerful countries such as China, India, and Belarus. As Russia continues to invade Ukraine, NATO countries and allies have applied sanctions on Russia to devastate their economy. Russia's allies however, have provided them with protection against these sanctions.

Unity of Effort

  • Unity of effort is often achieved through campaign plans or coordinating committees
  • Each department in the DoD has its own specific mission that ties into our overall goal.
  • The DoD employs diplomatic and economic pressure on Russia to deescalate the Ukrainian invasion.

Crisis Response

Adversarial Crisis Response

  • The relationship between Russia and the United States can be described as a security dilemma. Each side see's each other as a serious threat and takes countermeasures that further provoke an insecurity for the adversary.
  • For Russia the major threat to them is Americas advantage in conventional weaponry and NATO expansion.
  • For the United States the major threat is Russia's emphasis on nuclear weapons modernization.
  • The likely hood of conflict is greater than it has been in the past 3 decades. Therefore looking at the big picture when Russia is put into a position when an adversarial crisis response occurs. It's been proven time and time again that they act with a sense of urgency in an aggressive manner to show force. Not being very concerned about the repercussions that follow after the fact. Russia wants a dominant stance on the world stage no matter how drastic that might be.

Tactical Actions

Tactical Actions: Russia

"Russia's military has improved to the extent that it is now a reliable instrument of national power that can be used in a limited context to achieve vital national interests. Russian strategists, concerned about the capability of an advanced military adversary to carry out a large-scale conventional aerospace campaign against the Russian heartland, focus on preserving Russian influence in buffer states along its borders and on reinforcing a series of defensive bulwarks. Russian operations will show a high degree of coordination across a wide range of military units, using deception and simultaneity to achieve objectives quickly and minimize periods of vulnerability to an adversary's most dangerous capabilities. Russian tactics will continue to heavily emphasize gaining and maintaining fire superiority over an adversary; leveraging improved ISR capabilities and a wide range of fires platforms; and using speed, surprise, and integrated combined arms in maneuver forces to disrupt and overwhelm enemies once encountered." (Boston, Massicot 2017)

Tactical actions that Russia has applied to the US:

  • Russia has banned the import of U.S. food related products since the 6th of August, 2014 and this sanction [was] extended on the 5th of July, 2018...until the end of 2019". (Wikipedia)

Tactical Actions: U.S.

Tactics are the specific actions or steps you undertake to accomplish your strategy. Tactical actions have been used as an alternative to full out war in hopes that an economic decline can lessen tensions. After the initial attack on Ukraine, the US applied tactical sanctions such as:

  • "The US is banning all Russian oil and gas imports and the UK will phase out Russian oil by the end of 2022" (BBC)
  • "The US [has] cut off Russia's largest bank, Sberbank, which hold a third of the country's banking assets, from the US banking system". (Walsh)
  • We recommend the U.S. launches a cyber attack utilizing the media exploiting the unfiltered events happening in Ukraine to the Russian people.

Past sanctions applied on Russia have been:

  • "Foreign Assistance: Termination of assistance to Russia under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 except for urgent humanitarian assistance and food or other agricultural commodities or products". (Blinken)
  • "Arms Sales Financing: Termination of all foreign military financing for Russia under the Arms Export Control Act" (Blinken)

3

Nuclear

  • The Defense Department relies on nuclear-armed bombers, submarines and intercontinental ballistic missiles, as well as space-based sensors, to provide a strategic deterrence umbrella for the homeland and to protect deployed forces, allies and partners.
  • The US plans on recapitalization meaning replacing existing weapons with completely new weapons or to equip them with the latest technology.
  • The U.S. seeks to strengthen deterrence by correcting our imbalance in nonstrategic, or low-yield, nuclear weapons without matching Russia system for system.
  • This is to ensure Russia does not believe they can benefit from using low-yield nuclear weapons on the battlefield against the U.S. or its allies.

4

Cyberspace

The Department of Defense uses cyberspace to "enable its military, intelligence, and business operations, including the movement of personnel, material, and the command and control of the full spectrum of military operations". (Department of Defense Strategy for Operating in Cyberspace)

  • Partners with U.S. allies to "strengthen cyber capacity, expand combined cyberspace operations, and increase bi-directional information sharing in order to advance our mutual interests. (Department of Defense)
  • The U.S. has a "world-leading cadre of U.S. technology and cybersecurity companies that help protect domestic industry and foster cyber talent". (Marks 2021)

The U.S. uses cyber security to protect:

  • national security
  • economic prosperity
  • economic security

Cyberspace Russia

Russia is one of the leading countries in cyberspace behind the U.S and China. Some of the ways Russia has used cyberspace to attack the U.S. is:

Election Interference: Leaking 2016 Presidential candidate Hillary Clinton's emails

Targeting NATO: Russia undertook several cyber attacks including "Montenegro [experiencing] an information campaign by Russian media, threats on wine, and other products...as well as other cyber attacks" (known as ATP28 or Fancy Bear). (Hakala, Melnychuk 2021)

As cyber attacks become more prominent, Russia is focusing more on cyber power by:

  • credential harvesting
  • supply chain compromises

5

National

Defense strategy

Instruments of national power

Defense Objective

Defense Objectives utilized by the US

Defending allies from military aggression and bolstering partners against coercion, and fairly sharing responsibilities for common defense

  • The US uses its alliances with NATO countries to deter Russia by causing a direct military conflict with all NATO members.
  • NATO mobilized its rapid response force, for the first time in history to deter Russia when the invasion first started.

Deterring adversaries from aggression against our vital interests.

  • Employing sanctions
  • leveraging military assets
  • Allying with other world superpowers.

What are instruments of National Power?

  • In present day, Instruments of National Power would include diplomacy, information, military, and economy. We use the acronym DIME to incorporate these powers as one. That being said each nation does not have to be strong in all categories to meet a collective goal.
  • U.S.: The United States idea on instruments of national power is to have complete balance throughout DIME. With a critical factor being economics. If our economy is tanking we wouldn't be able to have the dominant military power we have now.
  • Russia: Russia's idea of national power is diplomacy. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, which in turn led to one mans rise of power, Vladimir Putin took over. His main goal is to have a greater role on the world stage. However, if it is being based off of Russia's instruments of national power, then the prospects are grim when taking into account Russia's lack of stability.

The World is Watching

6

Where are You?

7

Works Cited

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