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Blood

Structure & Function

Structure + Function

Le'Phina Bacon

Physical Characteristics of Blood

Physical Charecteristics

- Blood is sticky to touch and actually opaque to sight. The color we see is based on the contentes of the blood

- When blood is rich with Oxygen, it will have a bright, scarlet red color. This is the blood we know and typically see.

- When blood is poor with Oxygen, it is typically a dull red or purple color. This type of blood is typically seen in veins. After blood delivers the oxyge to the body it will pick up some carbon dioxide to be removed

- Blood also has a metallic, salty taste

- Blood has a slightly alkaline pH sitting between 7.35 and 7.45

Look at your forearm

See for yourself

When you look at your forearm, you can most likely see your veins. That pale blue color are veins that are carrying deoxygenated blood. However, when you get blood drawn, the blood is typically red. But the blood being drawn is typicaly a dark red, compared to if you cut yourself, the blood is typically a birght red. These contrasts of color can tell you whether or not it is fresh, oxygenated blood or not.

Components of Blood

Components of blood

- Blood is actually a type of connective tissue, and is the only fluid tissue in the human body

- Blood is comprised of both living and non-living components

- Blood is made up of formed elements, which are living cells, and Plasms, which is a nonliving fluid

- Plasma makes up 55% of blood and Erythrocytes make up 45% of blood known as hemocrit

- Leukocytes and platelets make up less than 1% of blood, creating a "buffy coat" between the erythrocytes and plasma

What does it look like

Formed Elements

-Formed elements are living cells icluding: Erythrocytes ( red blood cells), Leukocytes (white blood cells), and Platelets (cell fragments)

- Erythrocytes' main function is to carry oxygen, and are different from other blood cells because they're anucleate and lack mitochondria

- Leukocytes are crucial in the body's defense against disease. They are complete cells with nucleus and organelles

- There are five different types of Leukocytes: Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, and Basophils

- Platelets are fragments of megakaryocytes and are multinucleate. They are needed for the clotting process.

Plasma

- Plasma is a nonliving fluid matirx that makes up majority of our blood

- Plasma is made up of 90% water

- Plasma is also made up of many dissolved substances such as Nutrients, Salts, Respiratory gases, Hormones, Plasma Proteins, and Waste Products

- Plasma proteins are the most abundant solutes in plasma and are mostly made in the liver. These plasma proteins include Albumin, which acts as a buffer and helps with osmotic pressure, clotting proteins, that help stem blood loss when a vessel is injured, and antibodies, that help protect the body from pathogens.

-Plasma also help distribute body heat

Functions of Blood

Function of Blood

- Blood is our body's transport system. It transports Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide as well as nutrients, wastes, and hormones.

- Maintains acid-base balance in our body

-Protects the body from bacteria and other organisms to stop diseases

- Thermoregualtion, regulating the overall body temperature so we stay warm without overheating

- Maintains fluid balance and helps stop blood loss through its' clotting factors

Blood Disorders

Briana Avalos

Blood Disorders

HEMOPHILIA

Hereditary Bleeding disorder

Determined on genetic factors caused by lack of coagulation

Small amount of tissue damage that can cause life-threatening prolonged bleeding.

Blood does not clot the way it should.

Death Rate stands at 30%

Symptoms

- Large & Deep Bruises

- Inflammation

- Excessive bleeding from cuts or even dental work

- Nose bleeds with no explanation

- Blood in urine or stool

Thrombocytopenia

Platelets count is lower than the normal amount

Bleeding into the tissues, bruising and slow blood clotting after a injury

Happens from any condition that suppresses the bone marrow

Can also occur from alcoholism or cancer treatments like chemotherapy

Death Rate Stands at 2%

Symptoms

- Easy or excessive bruising

- Bleeding from gums or nose

- Prolonged bleeding from cuts

- Heavy menstrual flow

- Enlarged spleen

- Petechiae/ pin-point sized reddish-purple spots

SYMPTOMS & SIGNS

Thrombus & Embolus

Thrombus Symptoms:

- Swelling in leg or arm

- Chest Pain

- sudden change in mental health

Embolus Symptoms:

- warm skin in the affected area

- pain and swelling in leg (usually the calf)

- Red skin, particulary in the back of the leg, below the knee

Thrombus: a clot in an unbroken blood vessel

Potientially deadly in areas such as the lungs

Embolus: A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream

Can result in clogging vessels in absoultely necessary areas such as the brain.

Hemostasis

Hemostasis

Aris P

What is hemostasis and why is it imporant

What is hemostasis?

  • Hemostasis means the stopping of bleeding
  • The process of hemostasis starts when a blood vessle wall breaks
  • The response is fast and localized
  • It is the first stage of wound healing
  • Without hemostasis you would simply bleed to death

Vascular Spasms

Phases of Hemostas

The immediate response to blood vessle injusry is vasoconstriction which leads to blood vessle spasms

Vascular spasms are the first step in hemostasis it is the immediate response to blood vessle injury

The spasms narrow the blood vessle equalling less blood loss until clotting can occur

Platelet plug forms

Platelets are repelled by an intact endothelium but when the fibers of a broken vessle are exposed platelets become sticky and clump on the damaged area forming a plug

Step two

Coagulation

When a coagulation event occurs the injured tissues release tissure factor with platelet factor 3

This combination interacts with other clotting factors and calcium ions which are crucial for many steps in the clotting process that will lead to the formation of thrombin

Step three

Fibrin

Clotting

Fibrin forms a meshwork that traps red blood cells which forms the basis of the clot

Within the hour the clot starts to retract squeezing serum from the mass & pulling the ruptured edges of the blood vessle closer together

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