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cognitivism learning theory
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Cognitivism learning theory
Key points
Student Centered Approach
By Zainab
Lara ,Rasha,Ahmed,dawand,Nermin
Learning
Learning is the process of acquiring new or modifying existing knowledge behavior or skills .1
What is learning
Learning
Humans learn before birth and continue to learn till death as a consequence of interactions between people and their environment.2
Cognitivism Learning Theory
Cognitivism Learning theory
This theory emerged in the twentieth century as a consequence of limitation of behavioral theory to explain why and how individuals make sense of and process information .3
Cognitivism dont require exhibition of external changes but focus more on internal processes and connections that take place during learning
knowledge
Definition
This theory claimed that prior knowledge and mental process play a bigger role than stimuli in orienting behavior or response and also intervene between a stimulus and response.4
This theory describes knowledge acquisition as a mental activity involving internal coding and structuring by the learner and suggest that learning happens best under conditions that are aligned with the human cognitive architecture.5
Learning is measured by what learners know not by what they do
Key Factors
Factors that affect learning
1 active participation
2 demonstration
3 illustrative examples
4 corrective feedback
Title
Jean Piaget ,Swiss psychologist
who put the individual cognitive theory
How cognitive school view learner
The primary emphasis is placed on how knowledge is acquired, processed,stored,retrieved,and activated by the learner during the different phases of the learning process.6
The cognitive school views learning as an active process involving the acquisition or reorganization of the cognitive structures through which humans process and store information and the learner as an active participant in the process of knowledge acquisition and integration.7
Psychologists Focus
The psychologist put more emphasis on what learners know and how they come to acquire it than what they do .For this reason ,the cognitive approach focus on making knowledge meaningful and helping learners organize and relate new information to prior knowledge in memory.7
PPIAGET Theory
The individual cognitive theory from piagets study constitute the backbone of cognitivism.4
Contributors
According to Piaget , the process of intellectual and cognitive development requires biological act,which requires adaptation to environmental stimuli
Active learning
Children do not passively receive environmental stimulation .Rather ,they actively seek it .9
schemata constantly gets restructured as one encounters new patterns in his learning experience. three processes characterize the schemata acquisition and the changes in existing schemata.
Characteristics of schema
1 Accretion
2 Tunning
3 Reconstructing .
10
Accomodation is a process of modification or transformation in existing cognitive structure in response to a new situation .Once confronted with imbalance ,learners may resort to three kinds of accomodation
Accommodation
1 Disregard contradiction
2 Vacillate by maintaining both theories simultaneously
3 Form a new modified notion to explain and resolve the prior contradiction .11
Schema refers to hypothetical mental structure for organizing and representing generic events and abstract concepts stored in the mind in terms of their common patterns. 12
Schema
1. sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 years
2. pre-operational stage: ages 2 to 7
Stages of cognitive develop
ment
3. concrete operational stage ages 7 - 11
4. formal operational stage age 12 and up
Learning is structured and transpires through cognitive encoding ,rehearsal,storage , and retrieval of schemata .Learning occurs internally ,but also through social interaction with others.
How learning occur
learners are regarded as active
Learners acording to cognitivists are active participants in the learning process . Students are not not considered any more as recipients that the teacher fill with knowledge , but as active participant in learning
Learners
the student should be actively involved in the learning process through self planning,monitering ,revising ,constructing relationships
Role
The best way for a teacher to approach cogitivism is to ask questions to help students refine thier thinkingand recognize where they may be wrong .
The approach must be directed t topics you think they may know and introduce some new aspect to make them redefine something
Teacher Role
for a new topic the teacher must explore the background knowledge before you chalenge existing idea (schema)and create learning by amplification or change those schemata
The teacher role is to try to implement differnet tools to engage as much students as possible based on their learning style
Strategies
1 Emphasis on the active involvement of the learner in the learning process
2Use of hierarchical analysis to identify and illustrate prerequisite relationship
3 Emphasis on structuring ,organizing and sequencing information to fascilitate processing
4 Create a learning environment that encourage students to make connection with previously learned material
1 Integrate visuals audio ,props,to give example of the lesson
Classroom implications for teachers
2 Create a motiviating and interesting lesson to engage students
3 Have students complete component tasks that lead towards the final task
4 Adjust instruction and assessment based on students multiple intelligence and learning style
The relation between student centered approach and cognitivism
Cognitive theory propose that learning involves actively constructing knowledge.Teaching methods based on this perspective are considered student centered because they focus on the mental process students use in knowledge construction rather than external stimuli teachers use in behaviorist approach .13
An important concept in cognitive learning theory is meaningful learning - actively forming new knowledge structures by
-selecting relevant information
organizing the information into coherent structure
-integrating the information with prior relevant prior knowledge.13
meaningful learning
Cognitive apprenticeship
reciprocal teaching
inquiery learning
discovery learning
problem based learning.3
Teaching Methods
Cognitive learning assessment typically involves more formative assessment and less summative assessment .[14] In student-centered learning, students participate in the evaluation of their learning.[15] This means that students are involved in deciding how to demonstrate their learning. Developing assessment that supports learning and motivation is essential to the success of student-centered approaches
Assessment
References
1 Richard Gross, Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour 6E, Hachette UK, ISBN 978-1-4441-6436-7
References
2 Jungle Gyms: The Evolution of Animal Play Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine
3 Matlin, M. W. 1994. Cognition. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College
Publishers.
4 Deubel, P. 2003. An investigation of behaviorist and cognitive approaches to instructional multimedia design. Journal of Educational
Multimedia and Hypermedia 12 (1): 63–90
5 Derry, S. 1996. Cognitive schema theory in the constructivist debate.Educational Psychologist 3: 163–74.
6Anderson, J. A., L. M. Reder, and H. A. Simon. 1997. Situative ver-sus cognitive perspectives: Form versus substance. Educational Re-searcher 26 (1): 18–21.
7 Good, T. L., and J. E. Brophy. 1990. Educational psychology: A realisticapproach, 4th ed. White Plains, NY: Longman.Gredler, M. E. 1997. Learning and instruction: Th
8 Ertmer, P. A., and T. J. Newby. 1993. Behaviorism, cognitivism andconstructivism; Comparing critical features from an instructionaldesign perspective. Performance Improvement Quarterly 6: 50–66
9 Bransford, J. D., A. L. Brown, and R. R. Cocking. 2000. How peoplelearn: Brain, mind, experience, and school. Washington, DC: NationalAcademy Pre
10Rumelhart, D., and D. Norman. 1978. Accretion, tuning and restruc-turing: Three modes of learning. In Semantic factors in cognition,ed
11osnot, C. T. 1996. Preface. In Constructivism: Theory, perspectives andpractice, ed. C. T. Fosnet, ix–xi. New York: Teachers College Press,Colombia university
12Gillani, B. B. 2003. Learning theories and the design of e-learning environ-ments. Lanham, MD: University Press of America
13Mayer, R. E., & Moreno, R. (2003). Nine ways to reduce cognitive load in multimedia learning. Educational Psychologist, 38(1), 43–52
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student-centred_learning#CITEREFCrumly2014
ahnke, Isa (2012). "A Way Out of the Information Jungle". In Coakes, Elayne (ed.). Technological Change and Societal Growth: Analyzing the Future. p. 182. ISBN 978-1466602014.