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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Jessica Hardin/BIO245
Etiology
- Nongonococcal infections are the most common causes of PID; examples of these infections include Chlamydia and Mycoplasma.
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is chronic infection of the fallopian tubes. This disease often infects the ovaries, nearby peritoneum and ligaments due to sexually transmitted infections (STI's).
McConnell, 2014
Etiology & Epidemiology
McConnell, 2014
Epidemiology
- PID does not affect men, due to the fact that this disease is chronic infection of fallopian tubes, ovaries, nearby peritoneum, and nearby ligaments.
https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/pelvic-inflammatory-disease
Epidemiology
- Women who are infected with STI’s (most commonly Chlamydia and Mycoplasma) are at higher risk for developing PID. Women who have had PID previously have a higher chance of the disease reoccuring.
- Women within the age range of 15 - 19, are at a higher risk for developing PID, although it can affect women up to their mid 40's. This disease primarily affects sexually active and young women that are within the age of reproduction.
https://www.cdc.gov/std/pid/stdfact-pid-detailed.htm
https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/pelvic-inflammatory-disease
Diagnosis
- Diagnosis of PID is based on signs and symptoms, a pelvic exam, a vaginal test of cervical cultures, and a urine tests.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352600
- During pelvic exams, testing may include using cotton swabs to take samples of the vagina and cervix for testing. These swabs will be analyzed to determine the organism that is causing the infection.
Diagnosis & Pathology
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352600
Doctors are likely to recommend other tests, such as:
Continuing
Diagnosis
- Blood and Urine tests – These tests determine your white blood cell count (which could indicate an infection) in the blood, and markers within the urine that suggest inflammation.
- HIV/STI tests – Because STI’s as well as HIV are associated with PID, it is best to be tested for these infections in order to be properly diagnosed.
- Laparoscopy – This test is to help the doctor properly view the patient's pelvic organs by inserting a thin, lighted instrument through a small incision in the patient's abdomen.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352600
Symptoms
The most common symptoms for PID are:
Symptoms
Symptoms of PID can range from mild to severe. When the signs and symptoms of PID are showing, they are nonspecific, which means that other reproductive tract illnesses and diseases should also be considered when observing a sexually active women with lower abdominal pain.
- Lower abdominal pain
- Irregular menstrual bleeding
- Increased vaginal discharge
- Pain with intercourse
- Painful & frequent urination
- Inflammation
- Pelvic organ tenderness
- Cervical motion tenderness
- Mild pelvic pain
- Fever (>38° C)
https://www.cdc.gov/std/pid/stdfact-pid-detailed.htm
Pathology
Pathology
- PID is caused when certain bacteria (such as Chlamydia and Mycoplasma) move upward from a women's vagina or cervix into her reproductive organs. This disease is a serious complication of STI's.
- PID is the most common preventable cause of infertility in the United States. This disease can cause significant reproductive problems for women with it being a major cause for tubal infertility. The risk of infertility increases significantly as well after there has been a re-occurrence in PID within individuals.
https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Pelvic-Inflammatory-Disease-PID?IsMobileSet=false
Prevention
- Use Condoms – STI’s are a major cause of PID. The use of condoms can help prevent STI’s and lower an individual's risk of developing PID.
https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Pelvic-Inflammatory-Disease-PID?IsMobileSet=false
- Get Tested Regularly – It is important for individuals and their partners to be tested before becoming sexually active in order to help lower an individual's risk of contracting diseases and infections.
https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Pelvic-Inflammatory-Disease-PID?IsMobileSet=false
Prevention, Treatment & References
Prevention
Continuing Prevention
- Do not abuse substances. Abusing substances such as alcohol and drugs can cause individuals to be involved in risky behavior that could potentially lead to catching a STI.
https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/pelvic-inflammatory-disease
- Be monogamous. Having sex with only one person can help lower patients risk of developing STI’s.
- Limit the number of sexual partners. An individual's risk of acquiring a STI go up with the number of partners one may have.
https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/pelvic-inflammatory-disease
https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Pelvic-Inflammatory-Disease-PID?IsMobileSet=false
Treatment
- Antibiotics – Combinations of antibiotics will be prescribed to individuals which will be started immediately following the diagnosis of PID. After test results come back, a patient's doctor will adjust their antibiotics to better match what is causing the infection.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352600
Treatment
- Temporary Abstinence – If partners have STI's, avoiding sexual intercourse until treatment is completed is the best way to ensure thorough recovery.
Continuing Treatment
- Treatment for your partner - All sexual partner/partners should be examined and treated for STI's in order to help prevent re-infection of PID in the participating women. Although partner's may be infected, not all people show symptoms.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352600
References
References
Gynecologists, A. C. (2015, September). Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID). Retrieved from ACOG The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology: https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Pelvic-Inflammatory-Disease-PID?IsMobileSet=false
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) - CDC Fact Sheet. (2017, January 25). Retrieved from Center for Disease Control and Prevention: https://www.cdc.gov/std/pid/stdfact-pid-detailed.htm
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID). (2014). In T. H. McConnell, The Nature of Disease Pathology for the Health Professions (p. 521). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Songhai Barclift, M. L. (2018, August 24). Pelvic inflammatory disease. Retrieved from OWH Office of Women's Health: https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/pelvic-inflammatory-disease
Staff, M. C. (2018, March 6). Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Retrieved from Mayo Clinic: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352600