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PORTS OF ENTRY
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US HISTORY PROJECT: Ports Of Entry
BY: ADEOLUWASEMILOGO ADESANYA
According to oxford dictionary, a port of entry is harbour or airport where customs officers are stationed to oversee people and goods entering or leaving a country.
In other words, a port of entry is a designated location where people either proceed to enter or leave a country while going through a series of tests and check ups.
What Are Ports Of Entry…?
~ The New York ports of entry were one of the most major entries in America. Over 12 million immigrants came through New York harbours, that’s why it was referred to as the “Golden Door”. Many of the immigrants were from Europe, most of then came from the southern and eastern Europe.
~ There were three ports of entry in New York in the 19th century
~ Namely:Castle Garden,Barge Office,and Ellis Island.
Ports of Entry Located in New York
Castle Gardens (Also known as Castle Clinton)...
~ This was first official immigration center in America, and it was stationed in New York, mostly northern and western europeans pass through this port.
~ It was opened August 3rd 1855 and closed April 18th 1890.
~ By the time it closed, they had a record of over eleven immigrants coming through this port and over 100 million Americans can trace their ancestors to the people who came from this gate.
~ When the port was unofficial, there were many immigrants who were sick or died while coming, so the government had to pass a legislation to limit the amount of immigrants there were in a ship.
~Because of the issue stated above, captains of each immigrant ship held a list of every person on the ship, and this then led to and began the “systematic collection of data on immigration to the United States.”
Castle Garden
~ This gate closed because the federal government wanted control over the all the ports of entry and wanted to take responsibility for receiving and processing all immigrants to the U.S. This then led to the opening of the Barge Office, which was open until Ellis Island opened in 1892.
~ In 1875, they started to banned immigrants like convicts, prostitutes, and in 1882 they made a law that excluded people who would be a nuisance to society like idiots, lunatics, political offenders and imposed a 50-cent tax on every immigrant who arrived by boat
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Barge Office
Barge Office
~ This was the port that was used after Castle Garden closed, and was used until early January 1892.
~ This entry port was used again in 1897 and closed 1900 while Ellis Island was being rebuilt after a sudden fire.
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Ellis Island
Ellis Island
~ This port registered over 12 million immigrants by the time it closed in 1954.
~the first person to be registered at Ellis Island was 15-year-old Annie Moore, an Irish immigrant from County Cork and the last was Arne Peterssen, a Norwegian seaman.
~Almost all Europeans(southern, western, eastern and northern) used this port.
~In 1897 Ellis Island immigration station caught on fire. The fire unfortunately burned down the building from top to the very foundation with all immigration records from 1855 to 1897, but fortunately no one died. The federal government rebuilt the station but under the condition that it must be fireproof.
~December 17, 1900, the new building was opened and 2,251 immigrants were received that very day.
~After it closed, the remaining parts of it was closed and declared as “excess federal property”. The north side of Ellis Island was redeveloped but the south side remain unused and abandoned because of disagreements over its proposed use.
~At some point,steerage passengers were required to pass Ellis Island because they were the ones more prone to communicable diseases so they had to get medical help.
~The immigrants that came through these ports only spent days or a week or two before they left the station towards the city.
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Port Of entry located at San Francisco...Angel Island
Ports of Entry Located in San Francisco
A major port of entry in San Francisco was Angel Island, and by some people called the “Ellis Island of the west.”
"This place is called an island of immortals, But in fact the mountain wilderness is a prison. Once you see the open net, why throw yourself in? It is only because of empty pockets I can do nothing else." -Poem carved into barracks wall Angel Island Immigration Station, author unknown.
~This Station was originally built in anticipation of the many Europeans that were to come when it was opened Jan. 21, 1910 because of world war 1.
~It also served as a detention center for the chinese who came between 1910 to 1940 who were trying to escape economic and political hardships.
~Unfortunatly, as chinese people kept coming to America, what they met was as discrimination and a series of restrictive anti-Asian laws, and this is including the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.
~The Act was the first first law denying naturalization to members of a specific ethnic group.
~This Act affected all Asians but even then about 97 of the immigrants that came through Angel Island were chinese.
Angel Island
~After this law was created, an opportunity rose for the chinese. A fire happened after a San Francisco earthquake and all chinese documents got burned. When this happened residents of chinatown started to claim “fictious” children in china and documents so that they would be able to come to America also. When the people fictiously claimed came to America they were separated by sex and were all put into one large but cramped room, then were later intensly questioned.
~The officials that made the laws specifically aimed at keeping the Chinese out of America by making this law, and the immigrants looking for a way around that law.
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~The chinese were detained there for months and sometimes years.
~Although they could leave if they paid a really big amount of bribe.
~Because the chinese spent so much time their in really poor conditions, they passed time and expressed their frustrations by carving poems on the walls of the island.
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Baltimore
Ports of Entry Located in Maryland
~Also called Helen Delich Bentley Port of Baltimore.
~Port of Baltimore was first built as the access point for Maryland’s tobacco trade with England.
~By the end of the 18th century, the Port began trade with China, supported by development of the railroad, it then later turned into a site for trade with Europe and South America in the 19th century.
~When Baltimore turned into a city during the revolutionary war, the port became a center for trade with West Indies that supported the war and to protect it Fort Whetstone had to be created
~During the War Fell's point,a ship building center, joined with port baltimore after it came under the town. Sometimes called "Long Island Point."
Port of Boston
Ports located in Massachusettes
~ It was mainly used as a major trading center, and it was also the biggest, but that was before New York and Philadelphia ports opened up.
~The traders at the port didn’t like that they were losing fame and wealth, s they started reaching out to forgein countries for wealth.
~While they reached out to forgein countries,they started their own ship building industry which reached its peak in the middle of the 19th Century, as they produced the fastest commercial clipper ships in the world and because of this the amount of immigrants that came here increased significantly.
~At this time, a lot of Acts that imposed taxes on them were being created, and one of them was the Tea Act and the Stamp Act.
~At the time, tea was really expensive and popular in Europe so it was heavily taxed, and because they didn’t like the way they were taxed for it, Boston Tea Party occured where they threw all the tea overboard into the ocean and then this lead to The Boston Port Act passed on March 31, 1774, with the exemption that if they could pay for tea destroyed during the Boston Tea Party, and pay for damages caused to British customs offices during the incident the Boston Port will remain closed.
Port of Philadelphia
Ports located in Pennsylvania
~Even before the 19th century, it was already an immigrant city(Dutch and German immigrants came here).
~Before the 19th century as they sent out ships filled with goods to be delivered it kept coming back with immigrants.
~In the 19th century, the wave of immigrants that came to Philadelphia from southern and eastern Europe made it the third biggest port in the whole country but the first world war put an end to this increase immigration.
Port of New Orleans
Ports located in Louisiana
~Just like the Philadelphia port, it was already a port of trade and immigration before the 19th century but became offical in the 19th century, specifically 1920 when it was granted full policing powers.
~Most immigrants generally came from eastern Canada, France, Germany, the West Indies, Spain, and Africa. The Irish were the largest immigrant group in Louisiana during the nineteenth century
~During the revolutionary war was a time that many immigrants came.
~Records show a passenger list from 1820 - 1945.
Sources
~ https://www.familysearch.org/ :New York Emigration and Immigration
~ https://quizlet.com/115115106/apush-chapter-19-flash-cards/
~ https://quizlet.com/172708088/immigration-flash-cards/
~ https://quizlet.com/311062659/chapter-15-us-history-section-reviews-flash-cards/
~https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/29/nyregion/the-fort-that-let-outsiders-in.html:The Fort That Let Outsiders In by By Sam Robert
~https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/11/us/angel-island-journal-saving-voices-of-the-other-ellis-island.html?searchResult Position=1
~https://www.sftravel.com/:the history of angel island
~https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/html/port.html
~http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/review/USA_MA_Port_of_Boston_88.php
~https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fell%27s_Point,_Baltimore
~https://www.americanhistorycentral.com/entries/boston-port-act/view/quick-facts/
~http://www2.hsp.org/: PHILADELPHIA: IMMIGRANT CITY by Fredric M. Miller
~Washington Avenue Green, Philly’s own Ellis Island: Then and Now The public park was once the third largest immigration port in the U.S. By Melissa Romero
~https://www.portnola.com/info/port-101/history
~https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Louisiana_Emigration_and_Immigration
~US history textbook(s)