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Concept Maps

Rachel Currier

Id:

  • pleasure and instincts

Ego:

  • reality

Superego:

  • morals

Conscious Mind:

  • aware of the outside world
  • reality

Preconscious Mind:

  • can be remembered
  • usually hidden or forgotten memories

Unconscious Mind:

  • repressed memories
  • instinctual wants or needs

Psychoanalytic

Theory

  • help people cope with unwanted guilt or anxiety
  • 16 defense mechanisms in total

Psychoanalytic

Theory

Levels of Consciousness

Personality

Defense Mechanisms

  • when you say one thing but mean another
  • Freud thought this may be unintentionally revealing about the person and their unconscious

Anxiety

Reality anxiety:

  • fear of danger from the outside world

Neurotic anxiety:

  • fear of id taking control and consequences that would come with it

Moral anxiety:

  • guilt when we go against our morals

Freudian Slip

  • Adler contributed to Freud's psychodynamic theory

  • both believe in individual parts of personality

  • both theories look at personal development
  • Adler wanted to break away from Freud's theory of personality

  • wanted to look at an individual as a whole

  • Freud looked at biological and sexual aspects and drives while Adler looked into the role society has on a person

Adlerian Theory

  • more concerned about others than they are about themselves

  • puts the needs and wants of the community before themselves

  • values community

  • develops in childhood and can either be innate or learned

Adlerian Theory

Similarities between Adlerian and Psychoanalytic Theory

Differences between Adlerian and Psychoanalytic Theory

Social Interest

Community Feelings

Life Tasks

  • being connected to all aspects of humanity
  • wants to make the world a a better place
  • needs to fit in/have a sense of belonging
  • According to Adler, if you don't successfully build friendships, establish intimacy, and contribute to society in some form, you most likely have some sort of mental illness

  • the reason a client is seeking counseling/therapy is because they haven't fulfilled their three life tasks

  • overall goal is to develop social interest
  • looked into roles of anxiety and uncertainty in life
  • thought people learned from their anxiety
  • believed people should take risks in making their choices
  • concern with God

  • didn't believe in truth or values

  • believed we must release ourselves to our "will to power" in order to find creativity and originality

Existential Therapy

Existential

Therapy

  • more of a philosophical approach, seen as a way of thinking

  • seeks to find balance and what it means to be human

  • focuses on the significance of our existence

  • we're constantly changing/transitioning

Soren Kierkegaard

Friedrich Nietzsche

What is existential therapy

Self-Awareness

Freedom and Responsibility

  • based on freedom, choice, and responsibility

  • higher self-awareness = more freedom

  • can either expand or restrict our consciousness
  • freedom of choice and responsible for shaping our own destinies -we can't fix the circumstances we're born into, but we can make choices that impact our future

  • freedom is the responsibility for our lives, actions, and failures

  • in-authenticity - we don't accept personal responsibility and make excuses instead of making choices

  • existential guilt - choosing not to make choices due to a sense of incompleteness or the realization that we are not what we thought we would become

  • authenticity - living true to our own evaluation of what we thought was best for ourselves
  • Rogers was an advocate for the humanistic approach

  • focused on the client, not on their problems

  • focused solely on the present (not past or future)

  • similar concepts as existential therapy

  • depends on the attitudes and characteristics of the counselor and relationship between the client and counselor

  • based on three assumptions -
  • people are trustworthy
  • they have the capacity to resolve their problems without direct help from the counselor
  • they're capable of self-directed growth with the help of a strong client/counselor relationship

Person Centered Therapy

Congruence:

  • genuineness/realness
  • being open
  • doesn't work if counselor acts one way but feels another

Unconditional Positive Regard:

  • acceptance and caring (but not approving of everything) for the client

Empathy:

  • deep understanding of the clients views and opinions of different situations

Carl Rogers/Rogerian

Person Centered Therapy

Key Concepts

Conditions for Change

Do's and Don'ts of PCT

Do's:

  • basic counseling skills
  • encourage
  • paraphrase
  • reflect
  • summarize

1. Two persons are in psychological contact

2. Client is in a state of in-congruence, causing vulnerability or anxiety

3. Counselor is congruent in the relationship, which is perceived by the client

4. Counselor has unconditional positive regard for client

5. Counselor has empathy for client and communicates this

6. Client experiences counselor’s unconditional positive regard and empathy

Don'ts:

  • diagnose
  • direct
  • interpret
  • reassure

Gestalt Therapy

  • developed by Fritz and Laura Perls

  • people can solve problems and self-regulate on their own

  • rooted in philosophy and phenomenology

  • Fritz Perls believed that "clients have to grow up, stand on their two feet, and deal with their life problems themselves”

  • counseling is a process, shouldn't just focus on the content
  • wholeness and integration
  • "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"

  • unfinished business
  • resentment of the past, need closure

  • energy
  • blocked energy is resistance

  • awareness
  • a person's ability to self-regulate in their environment

Gestalt

Therapy

Contact:

  • is needed for change and personal growth
  • environment - seeing, hearing, and smelling
  • here and now - living in the present
  • responsibility - accept your own actions/problems and avoid blaming others

What is it?

Key Principles

Contact

Resistance to Contact

Techniques and Limitations

Techniques:

  • Confrontation
  • Experiments
  • Empty Chair
  • Topdog vs Underdog
  • Introjection
  • accepting other people's beliefs and standards that don't match our own

  • Projection
  • blaming other people for our own problems

  • Retroflection
  • doing what we would like to do to someone else or doing what we hope someone will do to us

  • Deflection
  • distraction or veering off topic instead of being direct

  • Confluence
  • can't differentiate between self and the environment
  • have a strong need to be liked by others

Limitations:

  • causes intense feelings
  • counselors could abuse power
  • cultural considerations (need to be culturally sensitive for clients)

Behavioral Therapy:

  • focuses on a broad range of clients
  • helps clients learn more appropriate ways of behaving
  • usually used to support clients with eating disorders and substance use disorders

Cognitive Therapy:

  • focuses on mental processes and their influence on mental health and behavior
  • works best when clients are willing to work on themselves outside of therapy

Behavioral Assumptions:

  • behaviors are learned
  • people are not either good or bad
  • clients issues are taken seriously

Cognitive Assumptions:

  • psychological distress can be an exaggeration of our normal functioning
  • faulty information processing is the main reason for these exaggerations
  • "change in beliefs lead to changes in behaviors and emotions

Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies

Classical Conditioning:

  • Pavlov's Dog
  • dogs salivated before smelling/tasting their food
  • "what happens prior to learning that creates a response through pairing"

Behavioral

and Cognitive

Therapies

What are behavioral and cognitive therapies?

Assumptions

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Techniques

Operant Conditioning:

  • type of training using positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment

Behavioral Techniques:

  • systematic desensitization
  • exposure therapy
  • social skills training
  • mindfulness training
  • dialectical behavior

Cognitive Techniques:

  • counter client's faulty belief systems
  • improve communication skills
  • positive affirmations

Choice Theory and

Reality Therapy

Choice Theory:

  • says behavior is based on an individual's choices
  • mental health symptoms are a direct result of a person's choices

Reality Therapy:

  • extension of choice theory
  • emphasizes personal responsibility
  • focuses on the present and improving relationships and life circumstances
  • looks at how a person's behaviors impact these

things

Basic Needs

Physical:

  • survival
  • food/shelter

Psychological:

  • belonging
  • friends/family/love
  • power
  • recognition, self-esteem
  • freedom
  • making choices
  • fun
  • laughter, play, learning

Choice Theory

and Reality Therapy

Choice Theory

Reality Therapy

Basic Needs

Four Components to Behavior

WDEP System

Four Components

of Behavior:

  • Acting (doing)
  • Thinking (thoughts/statements)
  • Feeling (emotions)
  • Physiology (bodily reactions)

WDEP System:

  • Wants
  • what clients are looking to gain
  • Direction
  • what direction do they want to go?
  • Evaluation
  • clients need to assess their wants, needs, directions, and plans
  • Plan
  • how a clients wants and needs will be fulfilled

Topic

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