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Diplomatic Methods
19
Diplomatic Methods
Prepared by: Doa'a Lutfi Al Derabani
Diplomatic Instruments
Diplomatic Instruments
What diplomatic instruments or tools are
available?
What are their purposes?
The management of relations
using a variety means
So What is
Diplomacy?
Formal means
Formal Means
Diplomatic Correspondence
Statements
Visits
Negotiation
Informal means
Informal means
Telephone contact
Press
Social media
Unofficial visits
UN meetings
Economic meetings
Summits
Covert or secret means
Covert
or secret means
using a variety of official or unofficial representatives,
agents or contacts
Main method of Cooperative Strategy
Cooperative
Strategy
exchange of views
clarification of drafting
intention on policy
seeking support for an initiative
building bilateral relations
coalitions and negotiation
Additional cooperative strategy method
Ceremonial or symbolic events Commemorative events
Public grounds or opening ceremonies serve to signal the importance or significance of the event or bilateral relationship
Communications strategies
Communications methods are:
- Image/ presence
- Getting the message across
- Attack
- Counter-public diplomacy
Image/ presence
Image/
presence
- Presence is part of contemporary diplomacy
- This is associated media technologies, which offer an easy scope for information dissemination
Getting the message across
This basically relies on briefing media leaks, press conferences and spokespersons
Getting
the message
across
Attack
Invariably spokespersons appear wooden and bland, or stereotypical when in attack mode.
Attack
Counter-public diplomacy
Counter-public
diplomacy
is aimed at blunting or weakening the impact of an ally or opponent’s public diplomacy by using methods such as organizing competing events; co-sponsoring or funding third-party NGOs to disseminate contrary views.
Operational environment and the media
- The media have been affected by pace and the rapid ways in which some events change
- Journalists are concerned to keep the ‘newsness’ of thier stories
- The construction of news items relies on formal and informal rules with respect to sources including anonymity and supporting or contrary evidence and views.
Operational environment and the media
- A common problem is contrasting levels of information on events such as clear information about fighting in a civil war.
- Another such issue is the absence of information concerning the position of a state on a set of negotiations or other foreign policy intentions
- The media environment can frequently be unpredictable and hostile
- The involvement of media as players in third-party disputes
Resistance and delay
Strategies based on resistance or seeking delay move diplomacy potentially into non-cooperative areas
Methods include:
Seeking clarification
Calls for further meetings
Drafting changes, with the aim of changing, delaying or blocking proposals or initiatives.
Counter-strategies
Counter-strategies
It uses the full range of diplomatic methods
Common counter-strategies are political methods to:
Develop bilateral support
Build wider coalitions
Split a group or alliance
side-diplomacy at the margins of the UN or standing international
conference.
Expansion Strategy
Expansion Strategy
It is when the states and other actors seek to extend their influence and diplomatic space through groupings, institutions, dialogue and representation rather than in a territorial sense.
It has three hub elements:
membership, media and representation
Using quiet or aggresive diplomacy
Diplomatic space
The setting within which diplomacy and foreign policy are carried out.
Diplomatic
space
Physical
- Location
- Facilities
- Architectural style
Physical
Conceptual
- Ideas
- Language
- Agreed or disputed terms
Conceptual
Institutional - legal
- Treaties
- Organizational competence
- Membership
Institutional -
legal
Setting constraints
Responses or anticipated positions of other actors
Setting
constraints
Bilateral & Multilateral Relations
Bilateral &
Multilateral
Relations
Bilateral Relations
Bilateral
Relations
Bilateral relations types
Types
Special relations e.g. USA-UK (political-military)
Economic-trade arrangements e.g. MFN
Asymmetrical e.g. alliance of major-minor powers
Cultural e.g. education, ethnic, religious
Why would states chose bilateral relations?
- Historical links
- Alliances interests
- Resources possession
- Territorial boundaries
Why would
states chose it?
Advantages of Bilateral Diplomacy
It is provides a sense of control and management
It is selective (a state can target a specific target)
Advantages
Disadvantages of Bilateral Diplomacy
Disadvantages
It is time consuming and limits international contacts
The routine care and maintenance of bilateral relations requires significant commitments of organization resources and may fragment expertise
May be vulnerable to coercive diplomacy
Multilateral Relations
Is conducted through:
- Global institutions
- Permanent conferences
- Pan-regional institutions
Multilateral
Relations
Advantages of Multilateral Diplomacy
Advantages
It provides a global arena for states
It demonstrates participants’ sovereign equality
The states is able to project its views and receive diplomatic recognition
It provides a framework or a sense of solidarity
Disadvantages of Multilateral Diplomacy
It is time consuming and easily interrupted
May be frustrating in certain situations
Disadvantages
Coercive diplomacy
Coercive
Diplomacy
- Aims to compel changes in behaviour using threats,
sanctions and withdrawal or denial of rewards
- Force and pure violence does not utomatically follow
- The threat is implicit and relies on ambiguity and uncertainty over subsequent events and expectations of the substantial costs of non-compliance
- Coercive action moves diplomacy into a grey area
Within this grey area are activities that include: intelligence gathering; political, economic or other support for opposition groups via public diplomacy contacts and programmes; covert operations such as international sanctions evasion; illegal weapons acquisition; and support for insurgent or terrorist groups.
Diplomacy shifts to become an instrument of coercive behavior, rather than exchange and adjustment that is conducted through discussion, mediation or pacific settlement