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Ketamine
- Special K, Cat Valium, Purple, Vitamin K, Kit Kat, Jet
- water soluble crystal/powder→ can be injected, snorted, or taken orally
- delirium, dizziness, euphoria, hallucinations, nightmares or vivid dreams, delusions or illusions, nausea and vomiting
Light dose: 15-30mg
Common dose: 30-75mg
Strong dose: 60-125mg
Heavy ("K-hole"): 100-250mg
LSD - lysergic acid dieathylamide
- acid, blotter, doses, tabs, trips
- blotter paper, tablets or capsules, and liquid form
- hallucinations, distorted visual perception, altered sounds, increased body temperature, and dilated pupils
Low: 25–100 µg (people report feeling some effects with as little as 20 µg)
Medium (common): 65–175 µg
High: 175–250 µg
Heavy: 250+ µg
Psilocybin - [3-(2-DIMETHYLAMINOETHYL)-1H-INDOL-4-YL] DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE
- Mushrooms, Magic Mushrooms, Shrooms, Shroomies, Boomers
- Fresh or dried, placed into capsules, or made into tinctures or chocolates
- Euphoria, increased intensity of emotional experiences, increased introspection and altered psychological functioning, giggles, perceptual changes such as illusions, synaesthesia, emotional changes, and a distorted sense of time
Onset : 10 - 40 minutes (when chewed and held in mouth)
Onset : 20 - 60 minutes (when swallowed on empty stomach)
Duration : 2 - 6 hours
Normal After Effects : up to 8 hours
DISCUSSION Qs
What preconceived notions or ideas do you have about hallucinogens?
What depictions of hallucinogens have you seen in pop culture or the media?
HALLUCINOGENS
Hannah Hynes, Alexia Locklear, Ally Taylor
9000 BCE - 1920s
9000 BCE - 4000 BCE
Stone paintings from Saharan aboriginal tribes of North Africa from around 9000 BC.
Rock paintings in Spain suggest that the mushroom Psilocybin was used during certain religious rituals near Villar del Humo.
1000-500 BCE -
Native American cultures like the Mayans and Aztecs had symbols, statues and paintings which indicate that they consumed psilocybin mushrooms, especially during religious rituals, as a way to communicate with deities.
Guatamalan and Mexican mushroom stone carvings found in temples built to honor mushroom gods - teonanácatl
teotl "god" + nanácatl "fungus"
1500s-1900s
1521 -
The use of hallucinogenic mushrooms and peyote are driven underground as use of "non-alcohol" intoxicants is forbidden by Europeans in Mexico. Catholic priests punish the use of entheogens by native people
1500s-1900s
October 3, 1799
London, England
September 18, 1914
United States
First psychedelic mushroom experience/ingestion documented in a scholarly journal by Dr. Everard Brande
First hand experience report of intentional psilocybin-containing mushroom ingestion published in Science magazine.
"Soon both of us became very hilarious, with an irresistible impulse to laugh and joke immoderately, and almost hysterically at times."
1930s
1938
Chemist Albert Hoffman synthesized LSD for the first time in Basel, Switzerland while working with ergot, a fungus that grows naturally on rye and other grains
1940s
April 16, 1943:
"...extraordinary shapes with intense, kaleidoscopic play of colors."
LSD's hallucinogenic effects first realized when Hoffman accidentally consumed LSD
Three days later Hoffman took a larger
dose and rode home on his bicycle, experiencing the world’s first
intentional acid trip
17th Century Salem Witch Trials
ergot poisoning or witchcraft?
Ergot poisoning symptoms: violent muscle spasms, vomiting, delusions, hallucinations, crawling sensations on the skin
Accused witchcraft symptoms: literally the exact same
1947
LSD first introduced as a psychiatric
drug, marketed as a “cure for
everything”
LSD patented and marketed as tablets called Delysid used in analytical psychotherapy
"a positive spiritual awakening and encourage patients to find meaning in their lives and want to better themselves."
1950s
1953
the CIA began Project MK Ultra, known as the CIA's "mind control program."
the Nobel Prize-winning Francis Crick, first discovered the double-helix structure of DNA while under the influence of LSD
1958
Albert Hoffman first isolates psilocybin from psychoactive mushrooms while working at Sandoz Pharmaceutical
1959
Hoffman first publishes the synthesis of psilocybin
1960s
Sandoz Pharmaceutical begins producing psilocybin pills
1960
1962
Ketamine is first synthesized at Parke-Davis and Company’s laboratories in Detroit, Michigan in a search for an “ideal” anesthetic agent with pain relieving properties
1965
The first known account in the history of Ketamine for recreational use noted by Professor Edward Domino who described it as a “potent psychedelic drug"
1968
Possession of LSD and psilocybin is made illegal in the US
1969
Ketamine is officially approved for human consumption by the USFDA and becomes available for prescription. Used as a surgical anesthetic during the Vietnam War.
1960s Counter Culture Movement
1970s
Ketamine used for both recreational and therapeutic purposes, sub-cultures beginning to use it illicitly for mind exploration and New Age spiritualism
1970s
1970
The Controlled Substances Act makes most hallucinogens including LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, peyote, and MDMA Schedule I drugs
1973 - Project MK Ultra ends
1974
the National Institutes of for Mental Health declares LSD has no real therapeutic value
1975 - Project MK Ultra becomes public knowledge
1976
The first International Conference on Hallucinogenic Mushrooms is held in Washington
1980s
1980s
the value of LSD in psychotherapy is discredited and the last FDA approved LSD study ends
Ketamine abuse began to increase across the country specifically within clubbing and rave culture
1990s
LSD use picks back up as a club drug at raves along with MDMA and ketamine
1990s
Research with psilocybin begins to see a small resurgence
1990s
1995
Ketamine was added to the DEA’s emerging drug list
1999
the United States federal government classifies ketamine
as a Schedule III controlled substance
2002
Possession and sale of psilocybin mushrooms becomes legal in the U.K. as long as they have not been prepared in any way
2005
British government announces that they have "re-interpreted" the law and outlaw psilocybin.
2000s - Present
2006
Ketamine becomes classified as a Schedule 1 Narcotic
2010s
Discussion Q
How do we promote/continue research on these substances without encouraging recreational use?
LSD studies begin again
Today
Today
Efforts to decriminalize psychedelic mushrooms are currently underway in Colorado and Oregon for the 2020 ballet
Current studies are finding psilocybin to provide significant psychological support for treatment-resistant depression
Today
Ketamine is the only legally available psychedelic in the United States
Current research is finding Ketamine to be extremely beneficial for patients who suffer from depression
"Out of the modalities I've worked with in my career, this has certainly been the most dramatically effective and quick way to get someone out of a depression"
-Sanjay Mathew, Baylor College of Medicine
Today
The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) is completing the first double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the therapeutic use of LSD in humans since the early 1970s