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Culture And
Socialization
Group Project By ;
Nisha Pandey (Guided by)
Amogh (Presentation made by)
Ananya Seth (Helped with presentation)
Ananya Rajkalyan (Prepared the questions)
Twinkle (Helped with the questions)
Sneha (Leader)
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
‘Culture’, like ‘society’, is a term used
frequently and sometimes vaguely.
Culture is confined to the
arts, or alludes to the way of life of
certain classes or even countries.
Culture
Culture
is the common understanding, which
is learnt and developed through social
interaction with others in society.
But cultures are never finished products. They are always changing and evolving. Elements are constantly being added, deleted, expanded, shrunk and rearranged.
This makes cultures dynamic as functioning units.
Culture
We learn the use of tools
and techniques as well as the non-material
signs and symbols through
interaction with family members,
friends and colleagues in different
social settings. Much of this knowledge
is systematically described and
conveyed either orally or through
books.
This learning prepares us for
carrying out our roles and
responsibilities in society.
Diverse Settings, Different Cultures
Having access to modern science and technology does not make modern cultures superior to the tribal cultures of the islands.
Cultures cannot be ranked but can be judged adequate or inadequate in terms of their ability to cope with the strains imposed by nature.
CULTURE
Culture
Defining Culture
The sociologist looks at
culture not as something that
distinguishes individuals, but as a way
of life in which all members of society participate.
Defining Culture
Anthropological definition of culture
comes from the British scholar Edward
Tylor: “Culture or civilization taken in
its wide ethnographic sense, is that
complex whole which includes
knowledge, belief, art, morals, law,
custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member
of society”
Bronislaw Malinowski of
Poland (1884-1942) wrote: “Culture
comprises inherited artifacts, goods,
technical process, ideas, habits and
values”
Clifford Geertz suggested that we
look at human actions in the same way
as we look at words in a book, and see
them as conveying a message. “… Man
is an animal suspended in webs of
significance he himself has spun. I take
culture to be those webs…”.The search
is not for a causal explanation, but for
an interpretative one, that is in search
for meaning
Leslie White had placed a comparable emphasis on culture as a means of adding meaning to objective reality, using the example of people regarding water from a particular source as holy.
The multiple definitions of culture
in anthropological studies led Alfred
Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn
(anthropologists from the United
States) to publish a comprehensive
survey entitled Culture: A Critical
Review of Concepts and Definitions in
1952.
Malinowski happened to be stranded on an island in the Western Pacific during the First World War, and discovered thereby the value of remaining for an extended period with the society one was studying.
We can now see his definition of culture as an attempt to take into account its intangible and abstract dimensions, so as to acquire a comprehensive understanding of the societies he was studying.
Apart from his mention of art, all the things listed by Tylor are non-material. This is not because Tylor himself never looked at material culture. He was in fact a museum curator, and most of his anthropological writing was based on the examination of artifacts and tools from societies across the world, which he had never visited.
Dimensions of culture
Dimensions of Culture
It refers to the abstract or intangible elements of culture, such as the ways of thinking and patterns of behavior. It includes the normative and cognitive dimensions of culture.
This dimension includes social rules and social expectations, i.e. the norms and values of a society.
V/S
Norms
Values
This dimension includes social rules and social expectations, i.e. the norms and values of a society. Norms are socially approved guidelines which direct behaviors of members of a society or a social group. In other words, they are the social expectations of proper behavior.
Norms usually vary across societies and even within the same society across different social groups. A social norm is not necessarily actual behavior. (‘Unwritten rules’) Most of human actions is norm-governed.
Example: In Indian society there is a value of respect for seniors and from that a number of norms are derived regarding expected behavior towards seniors, such as offering seats to elders, touching their feet, or greeting them, not addressing by first names.
The cognitive dimension of culture refers to ideas which include beliefs, knowledge, myths, superstitions etc. of a society.
It refers to the tangible, concrete products that members of society possess and make use of; e.g.-machines, buildings, jewellery, modes of transportation, technological gadgets.
Both material and non-material dimensions of culture undergo change over time. However, material or technological dimensions change faster than non-material aspects (values and norms are slower to change). This gives rise to “cultural lag” or a situation whereby non¬material dimensions are unable to match the advances of technology (material dimension ).
More About Culture
MORE ABOUT
CULTURE
Culture and identity are absolutely central to all sociology. Culture is part and parcel of all that we do,all that we are, all that we can, and might become.
For the individual the social roles that she/he plays imparts identity.
Every person in modern society plays multiple roles. For instance within the family s/he may be a parent or a child but for each of the specific roles there are particular responsibilities and powers
It refers to tendency to devalue others, disrespect of diversity, looking through and evaluating other cultures through our own cultural lens. It is the application of one’s own cultural values in evaluating the behaviour and beliefs of people from other cultures. It implies devaluing others by looking at them through your cultural lens. Ethnocentrism is not open in diversity.
It is exactly the opposite of ethnocentrism. It accommodates other cultures’ and their beliefs .
Both internal and external changes influence social change that is totally internal.
What is Socialization?
SOCIALIZATION
More About Socialization
More About Socialization
According to Gillin and Gillin, “By the term socialisation we mean a process by which an individual develops into a functioning member of the group according to its standards, conforming to its mode, observing its traditions and adjusting himself to the social situations.”
According to Bogardus, “Socialization is the process of working together, of developing group responsibility, of being guided by the welfare means of others.”
The process of socialization is operated not only in childhood but throughout the life. It is a process which begins at birth and continues till the death of the individual.
According to Prof. Johnson, there are four stages of socialization:
There are four factors of the process of learning. These are:
Imitation: It is copying by an individual the actions of another. This may be conscious or unconscious, spontaneous or deliberate, perceptual or ideation. Imitation is the main factor in the process of socialization of a child. Language and pronunciation are also required by the child.
Suggestion: It is the process of communicating information which has no logical or self-evident basis. Suggestion influences not only behavior with others but also one’s own private and individual behavior. Propaganda and advertising are based on the fundamental principles of suggestion.
Identification: In the early years, the child cannot make any distinction between his self . and the environment. Most of his actions are random. As he grows in age he comes to know about the nature of things which satisfy his needs. Such things become the object of his identification. The spread and area of identification increase with the advancement in age. Through identification he becomes sociable.
Language: It is the medium of social interactions. It is the means of cultural transmissions. At first the child utters some random syllables which have no meaning but gradually he comes to learn his mother tongue. The mother tongue moulds the personality of the individual from infancy.
There are two broad phases:
Thus, one can talk about adult socialization. It takes place when individuals enter roles in which primary and secondary socialization has not prepared them fully.
The child is socialised by several agencies and institutions in which s/he participates, viz. family, school, peer group, the neighbourhood, the occupational group and by social class/caste, by region, by religion.
Agencies of Socialisation are various groups or institutions that play a significant role in the socialization of an individual and in shaping that person's personality
It is perhaps evident that socialisation
in normal circumstances can
never completely reduce people to
conformity. Many factors encourage
conflict. There may be conflicts
between socialising agencies, between
school and home, between home and
peer groups.
However since the cultural settings in which we are born and come to maturity so influence our behaviour, it might appear that we are robbed of any individuality or free will. Such a view is fundamentally mistaken. The fact that from birth to death we are involved in interaction with others certainly conditions our personalities, the values we hold, and the behaviour in which we engage. Yet socialisation is also at the origin of our very individuality and freedom. In the course of socialisation each of
us develops a sense of self-identity, and the capacity for independent
thought and action.