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History of

Quebec

Sean Cheng Social Studies 10

August 30, 1944

Duplessis Becomes Premier Again

  • Maurice Duplessis becomes premier for the second time.
  • Lead the Union Nationale
  • Roman Catholic Churchs supported him a lot.
  • Nationalist and defied the Federal Government.
  • Conservative and kept traditional Quebec culture.
  • The "Duplessis Era" lasted until 1959.

January 09, 1953

Pitre Hanged

  • Last woman to be hanged in Canada.
  • Marguerite Pitre was executed at the Bordeaux jail.
  • Accused of participating in a plot to crash a Quebec Airways DC-3 (23 deaths).
  • First plane crash caused by a criminal in North America

1956

Union Nationale

  • In the 1956 Quebec general election, Union Nationale would gain the majority.
  • Conservative and nationalist.
  • Led by Maurice Duplessis.
  • 5th time a Duplessis' party has won the election.
  • Defeated the Liberals.
  • Influential in Quebec's political ideology.

July 20, 1960

Jean Lesage becomes Premier

  • Father of Quiet Revolution.
  • Federal Minister.
  • Leader of the Quebec Liberal Party.
  • Changed the old ways of the Duplessis Government.
  • Lost the 1966 election.
  • Resigned in August of 1969.
  • Start of the Quiet Revolution.

1960

The Quiet Revolution

  • Secularization of Quebec from the Roman Catholic Church.
  • Hydro Quebec.
  • Modern Quebec that controlled-
  • Economy
  • Healthcare
  • Education
  • Social institutions
  • "maitres chez nous"- Lesage
  • United the francophones to develope into a new advanced society.

Lester B. Pearson elected as Prime Minister

1963

  • Liberal Party
  • Tried to stop the separatism in Quebec.
  • Changed the Canadian flag.
  • Pierre Trudeau was his successor in April of 1968

1963

Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism

  • Protected the Quebec francophones' culture in economic and political relations.
  • Refined the nation's French education.
  • Created the federal department of multiculturalism and the Official Languages Act.
  • Introduced the idea of French as an official language.

March 1, 1963

Formation of the FLQ

  • A violent separatist group of Quebec.
  • Would be considered as a terrorist group by Canadian Government.
  • Caused the FLQ Crisis in October.

April 22, 1963

FLQ bombing

  • FLQ bombed a Montreal Army recruiting center.
  • Killed Wilfred O'Neill.
  • FLQ claimed responsibility.
  • Their first bombing that killed a person.

December 15, 1964

The Great Flag Debate

  • Suggested by Pearson.
  • A debated topic over a few decades.
  • Most Canadians agreed for a national flag in 1985.
  • Officially unfurled on 15 February 1965.

June 25, 1968

Pierre Trudeau becomes Prime Minister

  • Born in Montreal, Quebec.
  • Pearson's successor.
  • Passed the Official Languages Act.
  • Popular among young people.
  • Modern and relaxed personality, unlike previous Prime Ministers.
  • Wanted a Canada that's free and protected by Canada.
  • Respected personal liberty.

October 11, 1968

Founding of Parti Quebecois

  • A nationalist political party.
  • Formed from Mouvement souveraineté-association and the Ralliement national.
  • First led by Rene Levesque.
  • The party who would hold both referendums in 1980 and 1995.

September 9, 1969

Official Languages Act

  • Prime Minister Trudeau made French and English equal across Canada.
  • Canada becomes officially bilingual.
  • Francophones had more presence in the government and industry.
  • Some Canadians agreed but some didn't.
  • Didn't help ease the separatism, instead it provoked some people inside and outside of Quebec.

October 1970

The October Crisis

  • British Trade Commissioner James Cross is kidnapped from his home in Montreal.
  • Issues demands by ransom notes to radio stations. if not, they will kill James Cross.
  • Demands
  • Release of FLQ “political prisoners,”
  • $500,000,
  • The broadcast and publication of the FLQ manifesto
  • Safe passage to Cuba or Algeria.
  • Pierre Laporte would be kidnapped 5 days later.
  • Trudeau invokes the War Measures Act. All FLQ members are now criminals and Canadians would be searched and arrested. This would be protested by 3,000 students in Montreal.
  • Federal Troops protected Ottawa and Montreal.
  • Pierre Laporte's body would be found on October 17.
  • After being surrounded by police, James Cross was released in return for safe passage to Cuba.
  • Following separatism acts were done politically.

July 31, 1974

Bill 22

  • Proposed by Robert Bourossa.
  • Protected the French language in Quebec.
  • French become the sole official language in Quebec.
  • Numerous english speaking people who weren't proficient in French had to leave the province.
  • Angered many Anglophones but Francophones thought it was fine.

June 27, 1975

Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms (Quebec)

  • A historical charter that would be important for protecting Quebec citizens' rights and freedoms.
  • All other Quebec laws have to follow the charter.
  • Insured anti-discrimination.
  • Inspired by other international equality documents.

November 15, 1976

Parti Quebecois come into power

  • Won the provincial elections.
  • Lead by Rene Levesque.
  • Quebec citizens voted for Levesque because he supported separation.
  • He dedicated to this by calling a referendum in 1980.
  • Implemented Bill 101. This Bill made French the only language in Quebec. Many english speakers felt oppressed.
  • Thus more pressure were put on the federal government about Quebec's independence.

April 17, 1982

Constitution Act

  • An Act that allowed Canada to have full control over it's Constitution without permission from Britain.
  • It placed the Charter of Rights and Freedoms which was another exponential law in Canadian Constitution.
  • This was greatly opposed by Levesque and Quebec.
  • He felt the rest of Canada has ignored Quebec and ganged up on Quebec.
  • This is important because through the glamour of Canada's independence, it brought forth the underlying problem.

June 23, 1987

Meech Lake Accord

  • An attempt made my Prime Minister Mulroney to persuade the Government of Quebec to accept the Canadian Constitution.
  • Amendments to the Constitution that gave more power to each province and declared Quebec a distinct society.
  • Initial support and agreement even by Levesque was present.
  • This would decline over the years until 1990 when tensions would rise again and the Accord was rejected.
  • This would lead to a soar in Quebec's separatism and referendum in 1995.
  • The Accord was revised in Charlottetown (Charlottetown Accord).
  • This was rejected again mainly by B.C. and Quebec.

October 10, 1995

1995 Quebec Referendum

  • Premier Jacques Parizeau held another referendum due to Quebec's separatism movements that rose over the Constitutional debates.
  • A close call of 49.4% of Quebecois would vote yes. Again, this referendum would result in Quebec not becoming sovereign.
  • After this historical turning point, separatism would gradually decline stepping into 2000.
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