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Choice Theory

William Glasser

Choice Theory

"All our behaviour is chosen as we continually attempt to meet one or more of the five basic needs that are part of our genetic structure." William Glasser

Reality Therapy

Summary of Basic Philosophy

Glasser uses Reality Therapy to help educators to create effective management skills in helping students to learn how to satisfy their needs in appropriate ways.

Basic Concepts of Choice Theory

Basic Concepts of Choice Theory

Concept 1

The only person whose behavior we can control is our own

Concept 2

All we get or give to other people is information. What we/they do with that information is up to us/them

Concept 3

All long lasting psychological problems are relationship problems

All we can do from birth to death is behave

Concept 4

ACTING

ACTING

For example:

  • Walking
  • Talking

Feeling

FEELING

For Example:

  • Reasoning
  • Fantasizing

Physiology

PHYSIOLOGY

For example:

  • Sweating
  • Headaches

Thinking

THINKING

For example:

  • Analyse
  • Fantasizing

Concept 5

All total behaviour is chosen.

We have direct control over

  • Acting
  • Thinking

However, we control our feelings and physiology indirectly, through how we choose to act and think

Choice Theory

The idea of implementing Dr. Glasser's model is the belief that all behaviour is purposeful and students behave in certain manners to meet their basic psychological and biological needs

Focus and Theoretical Basis

Reality Therapy

Glasser uses Reality Therapy to help educators to create effective management skills in helping students to learn how to satisfy their needs in appropriate ways.

Focus

Choice Theory is about how and why people behave with a focus on "why" students choose to behave in certain ways, instead of focusing on the background of unsuitable behaviour

"We almost always have choices, and the better the choice, the more we will be in control of our lives."

- William Glasser

Theoretical Basis

Key Concepts

  • The 5 Basic Needs (nature)
  • The Quality World (nurture)
  • Reality and Perception (sensory filter, knowledge filter, value filter)
  • The Comparing Place (perception vs. desire)
  • Total Behaviour (acting, thinking, feeling, psychology)

Our Five Basic Needs

Our Five Basic Needs

Almost all approaches to psychology assume that people have certain basic needs and, indeed, there is broad agreement on what these needs are. In Choice Theory they are classified under five headings:

· Power (which includes achievement and feeling worthwhile as well as winning).

· Love & Belonging (includes groups as well as families or loved ones).

· Freedom (includes independence, autonomy, your own 'space').

· Fun (includes pleasure and enjoyment).

· Survival (includes nourishment, shelter, sex).

Perception

Reality and Perception

Glasser explains that the only way we experience the real world is through our perceptual system.

Information about the real world comes to us through our sensory system:

- our eyes

- ears

- nose

- mouth

and skin

Knowledge Filter

These sensations pass through our perceptual system, and pass though what Glasser terms our "total knowledge filter', which is everythings we know or have experienced.

Knowledge Filter

Perceived World

We all have different values, our perceptions of the real world are different.

Therefore, we all live in our own "Perceived Worlds".

Perceived World

Understanding the Quality World

An important part of our Perceived World is the Quality World. Dr. Glasser describes the Quality World as a "personal picture album" of all the people, things, ideas, and ideals that we have discovered increase the quality of our lives.

The Quality World

While the Basic Human Needs are the general motivation for all human behavior, the Quality World is the specific motivation. The Basic Human Needs describe what we need, the Quality World pictures detail how we meet those needs. The Basic Human Needs are universal; our Quality Worlds are unique

We behave based on what we perceive to be real. Choice Theory states that information passes through three distinct filters as we create our perception of reality:

1. the Sensory filter

2. The Knowledge filter

3. The Value filter

Because of these filters, two or more people may witness the same event or participate in the same activity and develop radically different perceptions.

Our Filters

Choice Theory in Classrooms

Choice Theory is effective because it gives students a "choice" over their behaviour, thus, also giving them control over themselves and how they choose to behave in order to get what they want/need.

Choice Theory In Classrooms

Reality/Choice Method Techniques for Classroom Management and Discipline are many and varied. The following is one variation.

Observe

Observe

Observe the student's troublesome behaviour. Which of the five needs is the student trying to meet with his/her inappropriate behaviour?

Explain

Explain

Explain to the student that their current behaviour will not get them what they want. Suggest an alternative behaviour

Implement

Implement; have the student try the positive, pro-active behaviour. Remind him/her they can succeed and have what they want/need, with appropriate action, follow-through, and correct behaviour.

Implement

Choice

Choice; if the student refuses to try a positive behaviour that they come up with, or that you suggest, offer a choice. You can do ABC, or you can do XYZ. Period

No Excuses

No Excuses. Do not accept excuses for irresponsible behaviour, point out to the student that he/she had a choice; she made the wrong choice. Do not punish, criticize, or protect the student from reasonable consequences.

Choice Theory in Classrooms

Choice Theory in Classrooms

  • coercion is minimised: not making students behave using rewards or punishments
  • intrinsic motivation
  • Self-evaluation : students take more ownership over their learning by evaluating their own work, promoting more responsibility.

The Limitations of Choice Theory

The Choice Theory is very practical to implement in schools, although there are some perceived limitations to the theory.

Although the theory has been met with criticism it should not be discounted to the point that it isn’t applied. The criticisms point out that when applying this model in schools, care must be taken to ensure it is a school-wide approach, all teachers are on board and have the time to attend to students needs, and teachers are leaders as opposed to bosses in the classroom (Lyons et.al, 2011).

Strengths and Limitations

Strengths

Choice theory can replace the Seven Deadly Habits of external control psychology with seven caring habits that focus on the autonomy of the individual - The William Glasser Institute

Since this theory holds that most behavior is chosen, if we choose to behave in ways that may meet our needs, we can improve relationships and connections, thereby creating happiness.

Strengths

For Teachers

  • It is a structured program that is relatively well organised and easy to put into practice
  • It shows how to cultivate discipline without resorting to punishment.
  • It encourages teachers to relate personally with the student and teach relevant material - Pugh, 1984

For Students

  • It helps students see a wide range of possible consequences for their behaviour
  • Allows students to determine solutions to their own discipline problems
  • Helps students understand their needs and legitimate ways of satisfying these needs
  • Encourage students to take control of their own learning

Limitations

  • It fails to account for mental illness, with Dr Glasser postulating that their is no such thing as mental illness - White 2005
  • It must be applied to the whole school. Choice theory may conflict with some teachers individual pedagogy resulting in ineffective and confused students - Lyons et. al, 2011).
  • Students behaviour is likely to be affected by other factors such as the group dynamic; behaviour is unlikely to be solely dependent on student needs. Students often alter their behaviour depending on the size group and the dynamics of the group - Weinstein, 2000
  • The final criticism of the Choice Theory is that a conflict in ideas exists between the fact that a student purposefully chooses total behaviour but doesn’t use behaviour to control or express individual perceptions - Bourbon, 1994

Limitations

References

References

Bourbon, W. Thomas and Ford, Ed. (1994) Discipline at Home and at School. Brandt: New York.

Contributing Writer, (October 6, 2017) .. Strengths and Limitations of Choice Theory, Retrieved September 30, 2019, from https://classroom.synonym.com/strengths-and-limitations-of-choice-theory-12555946.html

De Nobile, J., Lyons, G., & Arthur-Kelly, M. (2017). Positive Learning Environments: Creating and Maintaining Productive Classrooms. Cengage AU.

Exercise Prescription on the Internet, September 30, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.exrx.net/Psychology/ControlTheoryReview.

Glasser, W. (1998b). Choice Theory in The Classroom (rev ed.) New York: Harper Collins.

Glasser Institute for Choice Theory, September 30, 2019. Retrieved from https://wglasser.com

Lyons, G., Ford, M., Arthur-Kelly, M. (2011). Classroom Management: Creating Positive Learning Environments. South Melbourne, Australia: Cengage Learning

Rich, J. M. (1979). How Effective Are Their Strategies To Discipline?. NASSP Bulletin, 63(428), 19-26.

RSA Animate. (14, October 2010). Changing Education Paradigms from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zDZFcDGpL4U.

Weinstein, Jay. (2000). The Place of Theory in Applied Sociology: A Reflection. Theory and Science. 1, 1.

White, C. (2005). Warning: Psychiatry Can Be Hazardous to Your Mental Health. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry, 7(2): 76

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