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The ancient humans were nomads.
They used tools made of bone and stone to hunt and protect themselves.
They used fire to protect themselves against predators and cooking their food.
Their numbers were short.
They lived in temporary shelters.
(Wikipedia, 2020).
Agriculture was discovered at some point around 10,000 b.C. during the last major glaciation. The planet´s temperature dropped around 5 degrees. They were forced to find new means of finding food, as the collected one was not enough.
Animals began being domesticated. (Worth OfIt, 2013).
People began growing their food.
Communities began growing.
Population began growing.
More complex tools and weapons were used.
Ended around 4,000 b.C. with the invention of writing in Mesopotamia
People became able to keep track of things, maths were invented/discovered (Wikipedia, 2020).
Began with the invention of writing
Established in what is now Irak and Syria. At the time, it had some of the most fertile soil, rich in minerals, ideal for agriculture (Wikipedia, 2020).
Allowed them to create all types of karts, wheelbarrows,etc. to optimize agriculture and trade.
Goods began being trade between much longer distances (Adhikari, 2019).
Made farming much more efficient and easy (Adhikari, 2019).
Allowed people to keep track of things.
Maths
Time
(Adhikari, 2019).
Made trade, exploration and migration much easier (Adhikari, 2019).
These new inventions for agriculture made it easier to feed the growing population.
People had more free time to use in researching, maths, science, writing, social skills, instead of constantly fighting for survival.
Exponential population growth, as conditions were ideal for it.
Established on the banks of the Nile River, an extremely fertile land shielded from the elements and other civilizations. Its topical weather made it great for agriculture.
Has been around since to the beginning of time to present day (Wikipedia, 2020).
A civilization of great power until the ages of Rome.
Egyptians were master architects, as can be seen on the pyramids and temples they built, which still stand to present day.
Advanced knowledge of the human body.
"The Edwin Smith Papyrus is a medical text on surgery from ancient Egypt written around 1600 BC. It shows that the Egyptians invented medical surgery, predating the Hippocratic Oath by a thousand years. It describes surgical cases of head, neck, and chest injuries and includes a list of instruments used during surgery. " (Adhikari, 2019).
Egypt endured so much time because invading civilizations did not destroy them, they worked with them.
They were a big commercial civilization because o their location near Asia, Europe, the Mediterranean and Africa.
Allowed them to extend the human life far bigger than other civilizations.
Population growth= more people to labor= growth of the civilization.
The Mayans made giant discoveries in terms of mathematics and astronomy.
Established in where Greece is located nowadays.
They are considered the fathers of philosophy.
Philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Archimedes, Pythagoras built the bases of philosophy.
They studied morale, what is right and wrong.
They had many great scientists like Aristotle, Archimedes, Pythagoras, Thales of Miletus, who built the bases of modern math.
They studied the stars and the cosmic bodies. They found a way to calculate accurately (for the time) the circumference of the Earth.
(Wikipedia, 2020).
They invented the idea of Democracy and applied it to their society. Something that the Romans later would adopt, and is the form of government of almost every country nowadays (Wikipedia, 2020).
It was an event which united all of Greece and even some surrounding civilizations in sporting events which they competed to prove who was "better".
You could say that Greece was basically the foundations over which our society nowadays is built.
It was one of the most powerful empires ever to exist. They unified northern Africa and the Mediterranean territories under a same empire.
They were the greatest engineers, architects and warriors of the time.
Their empire lasted from 753 b.C. to 476 a.D. It was split in two on the year 285 a.D., and the west was the first to fall (Wikipedia, 2020).
They built roads connecting all of Europe to use mainly for trading and moving troops safety and efficiently, which made the Empire grow in every aspect.
They had complex drain systems unlike any other civilizations.
They manipulated the flow of water using aqueducts.
Discovered sulfuric acid.
Managed to conquer the Greeks and the Egyptians.
Developed one of the most ancient postal services.
The first human rights in history were written under Cyrus the Great´s rule. It abolished slavery and gave religious freedom to the people.
They invented some sort of taxing system.
The Roman Empire of the East continues to Thrive.
(Wikipedia, 2020).
Corruption inside Rome.
Attacks of the "barbaric" tribes.
Economic crisis due to the massive taxes and overspending of the government.
Inability to control efficiently such a vast territory.
Decline in their military power and lack of loyalty among their ranks.
Christianity started gaining popularity (Evans, 2019).
Destabilization in western Europe.
Countries became individual kingdoms once again. Feudalism.
Even more wars were eventually sparked due to the lack of authority.
Trading crisis in Europe.
Its culture was lost and forgotten, until the Renaissance. (Magister, 2018).
While "landlords" swore loyalty to their respective kings, they would often rebel, creating conflict among the kingdom and bringing instability.
Began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire
It is now one of the biggest industries in the world. Changed the way wars were fought since.
This event unleashes a series of wars between Christians and Muslims who fight for control of Jerusalem that will last for 200 years (Wikipedia, 2020).
Began a conflict between Muslims and Christians that is still present nowadays, almost 1,000 years later.
Gave even more power to the Church. (Cartwright, 2018).
He built the second biggest empire in history and controlled it until his death in 1259.
Opened new trade routs that eventually would bring the Bubonic Plague to Europe.
Increased the cultural exchange between Asia and Europe.
They brought gunpowder to Europe. (Szczepanski, 2020)
First document to limit the power of the Monarchy.
An unusually cold weather due to volcanic eruptions in Europe prevented crops from growing.
The rapidly growing population suffered the consequences, sparking conflict, and even cannibalism.
The Church starts loosing credibility (Wikipedia, 2020).
Brought from China by Rats.
Killed an estimate of 25 million people.
Saved the population from starvation and stopped the uncontrolled population growth.
People moved away from big cities.
Accelerated the inquisition, as people thought it was a punishment from God.
The work of peasants was more valued, as there were less workers.
(Wikipedia, 2020).
Probably was the most important and powerful mesoamerican civilization.
The rumors of it being made of gold would later drive the Spanish to colonize America.
It made it easier to the population to read and learn.
Improved education.
The Church lost much influence due to the translation of Bibles from Latin.
The Protestant reform, which would later lead to the colonization of North America.
(Wikipedia, 2020).
Established a definitive Ottoman rule, who gained control over all the trade between Asia and Europe.
The trade monopoly and blockades imposed by the Ottomans led the western powers to find new trade routes, which led to the discovery of America, and the era pf the colonies (Wikipedia, 2020).
With the favor and support of the Queen of Spain, Isabel de Castilla.
He went looking for a new trade route to India and China to avoid Constantinople.
Begins with the discovery of America.
People began looking back to the works of the Greeks and the Romans.
Medicine became something present in life and weakened the power of the Church.
The first autopsies in the modern world were performed.
Opened the door to colonization.
Eventually, the European powers would become massive empires.
European Expeditions to America begin
The spanish bring The Spanish rule begins in Mexico and shortly after, in South America.
Thousands of treasures were returned to the Old World making those countries even richer.
New trade routes were established.
Missionaries made sure that Catholicism reached the New World.
A new social pyramid is born.
The first viceroyalty is formally established in the remains of Tenochtitlan.
South America would eventually go to Spanish Control.
Spain became one of the most powerful countries in the world. (Wikipedia, 2020)
Henry VIII, in order to nullify his marriage with Catalina de Aragón, broke ties with the Catholic Church and began following the ideas of Protestantism.
This unleashed a massive wave of political instability and conflict, between the loyal followers of Henry VIII and the followers of the Church. (Wikipedia, 2020).
The daughter of Henry VIII and Catalina de Aragon rise to power and tried going back on all his father did, failing, and getting the nickname of Bloody Mary, for the deaths she caused. (Wikipedia, 2020).
Caused by the Bubonic Plague (again) was not as chaotic as the first one, but managed to kill a quarter of London´s population in just 18 month.
The steam engine is invented, planting the bases to the industrial revolution.
It was a movement in Europe, that reached America, in which among many things, people began turning to science and reason, instead of religion. More people lost faith in the Church and the monarchies than ever before (Wikipedia, 2020).
Adam smith publishes The Wealth of Nations and Karl Marx the Capital; these are the first to expose the ideas of capitalism and communism.
England adapts a policy that will lead it to the industrial revolution.
Was a time in which industry was revolutionized across Europe. Massive factories were built, industry became massive. Capitalism at its peak. Industry was not regulated by the State, laborers suffered from abuses, low salaries and extreme working conditions.
Thanks to the unhealthy environment where people in massive cities lived, the life expectancy was about 35 years.
The Earth begun heating faster than ever before. The economies were booming, but the poor became poor and the rich became richer.
(Wikipedia, 2020).
Massive amounts of carbon emissions began to be released constantly into the atmosphere, and the temperature began to rise in a slow and steady pace.
There is a massive growth in population.
More population=more working power=more industry=more money
England became the great power during this time. Many of the technological advances came from here.
Their colonies provided an excellent source of income and trade.
The United States of America declare their independence from the United Kingdom. The ideas of revolution begin traveling across the land.
The ideas of the enlightenment, the social inequality and the economic crisis sparked the first revolution that led way to the monarchies of Europe to loose their political power.
(History, 2020).
There was a food crisis as there had been a drought and poor harvests for almost 20 years, the cattle had fallen to disease
The country was broke.
Spent too much money financing the Independence of the Thirteen Colonies.
The government imposed abusive taxes not just for the people, but to the aristocrats and nobles, who angered them even more.
France fell into anarchy and battles for power in which people were killed by the thousands, until 1799 when Napoleon Bonaparte organized a coup ant took over. (History, 2020).
During this century, wars were fought between kingdoms, but never on a larger scale.
They were a series of armed conflicts in which basically Napoleon tried to take over Europe.
While these wars happened, the unrest in the Colonies of America just kept rising (Wikipedia, 2020).
This country took some of the worst. Its monarch abdicated the throne, and instead rose Napoleon´s brother to the throne, sparking rebellions inside the country. (Wikipedia, 2020).
France´s ideals of revolution and nationalism were spread across Europe.
They managed to deeply destabilize the monarchies of Europe.
The colonies in America used the lack of Spanish troops in their territory and the destabilization to rebel.
The use of medicine made this possible.
(Roser, 2019).
England abolishes slavery in its territory and colonies, and is followed by the United States (partially) and Spain and its colonies ( N.A. ,2007)
Simon Bolívar takes advantage of the Napoleonic Wars and the french invasion of Spain to begin his fight for independence in Colombia and Venezuela.
Mexico follows its lead two years later on 1810, and other countries follow their lead. (Wikipedia, 2020).
By 1825 most countries in America were no longer European colonies, leaving Europe with colonies in Africa only.
The independence on America and the French invasion left Spain in deep financial and social crisis. (Wikipedia, 2020).
The end of the war resulted in the US (the victor) seizing the territories of New Mexico, Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah and Colorado (Britannica, 2020).
This left Mexico vulnerable and at the US´ disposal, and in a political crisis.
Some time after, California gold rush begins.
The world begins a process of heating up, in which it has increased a little over 1 degree until today (NASA, 2019).
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/global-temperatures
Louis Pasteur gains fame for his successful vaccine against rabies (Britannica, 2020).
Vaccines begin to be popularly used to prevent disease, stopping deaths by diseases such as rabies and smallpox (Britannica, 2020).
Alliances
Astro-Hungary declares war on Serbia
Russia declares war on Austria to defend Serbia.
Germany declares war on Russia to defend Austria.
France declares war on Germany for declaring it on Russia.
England sides with France because of their treaties.
Italy sides with Germany.
The assassination of archduke Franz Ferdinand.
Strategic alliances that pulled all of Europe to the war, when it was originally a conflict only between Serbia and the Astro-Hungarian empire.
The dispute for the colonies in Africa; countries like England and France controlled most of them , and the Astro-Hungarians wanted more.
Countries were eager to show their military power to other nations (Kelly, 2020).
Most of the resources of the countries involved were destined to the war, leaving the population in crisis and with little to no food.
Tactics at the beginning of the war were old for new emerging military technologies, which resulted in the deaths of millions.
This war was a war of attrition. The goal was to make the enemy run out of resources before you did.
Chemical weapons, flamethrowers and shotguns were deadly new weapons used in the trenches (Dauajare, 2017).
Russia drops out of the war because of their Revolution.
The last Tzar and the royal family were executed at the end, giving victory to the Bolsheviks and starting Lenin´s reign. This would later lead to Stalin´s intervention on WWII, and eventually the Cold War (Wikipedia, 2020).
Fearing that the USA might intervene in the war, Germany sends the famous Zimmerman telegram to Mexico, hoping that they would start a war against the US, financed by Germany. The telegram was intercepted, and the US joined the war. Mexico did not enter because of their own revolution.
This was the perfect moment for the US to show their power to the world.
The tensions with Japan (that would result in the war on the Pacific on WWII) began, as Japan was an enemy of Russia and their allies.
(Khan Academy, 2020).
England and their allies result victorious and the Treaty of Versailles is signed.
It separates the Astro Hungarian empire in two: Austria and Hungary.
Strips Germany of their remaining colonies and gives them to the winning powers.
Massive economic and military sanctions are imposed to Germany. (Dauajare, 2017).
France abuses of Germany taking their resources, creating resentment against it.
Germany falls into a giant economic crisis and foreign debt.
The US emerges as the new economic power in the world.
The League of Nations (now the UN) is crated in order to avoid future conflict.
The US was the least to suffer of the aftermath, as their territory was never touched. They began giving loans to European countries to rebuild their countries. They also sold massive amounts of crops to them. They had a massive economic and cultural boom that would last until 1929 (Wikipedia, 2020).
The crisis in Germany would be Hitler´s road to power, leading to WWII and the holocaust.
Overproduction combined with too much offer and minimal demand.
Dust bowls destroyed crops and killed livestock during the 30´s, minimizing the production of food (History, 2009).
Europe´s main income at the time were war reparations of Germany. Germany ran out of money to pay the US and European countries, therefore those countries lost their sources of income, halting the world economy (Wikipedia, 2020).
Penicillin is first used on children.
This marks the beginning of the antibiotics that would save millions of lives from now on (Wikipedia, 2020).
With speeches of hate and German supremacy, he rose to power.
He used the people´s resentment towards European powers and the Jewish community, blaming both of their crisis.
He wanted to unite all of Europe under the German flag, exterminating "unworthy races" (Wikipedia, 2020).
Under Hitler´s command, Germany began reactivating its economy and military power in secret.
Meanwhile in Asia, Japan had been invading countries in the Pacific to seize their natural resources. The League of Nations remained indifferent.
The allied powers were indifferent to Germany´s new ruler, and even supported him dealing with the communist treats to the east (Wikipedia, 2020).
Hitler began his expansion and began occupying territories of eastern Europe. The allied powers did nothing, as they wanted to avoid another war, and believed that Hitler would stop.
On 1939 Germany invades Poland, and England and France declare war on Germany, but they are caught completely unprepared. Germany gives half of Poland to Russia to keep them out of the war, and Germany would not attack them.
Germany would side with Italy and Japan, forming the Axis powers.
Spain would remain neutral through the war but more on Germany´s side.
Germany managed to conquer most of Europe with no trouble, but Britain never fell. With this failure, Germany´s attention turned towards Russia and broke the pact between Russia and Germany.
Japan bombs Pearl Harbor and the United States joins the war against the Axis powers (Wikipedia, 2020).
Germany made the same mistake that Napoleon did some hundred years before. He invaded Russia in the winter. The winter that year was unusually long and cold and marked the turning point of the war.
After failing to capture Stalingrad on 1943, Russia began its offense with full power on Germany, not as an ally of the Allies, but someone with a common enemy.
This was the first major defeat of Germany (Wikipedia, 2020).
The Allies stormed the beaches of Normandy on the biggest invasion of the war. With the Soviets on the East, and Allies to the west and south, the war was near its end (Wikipedia, 2020).
On May 7, 1945, Germany surrendered unconditionally in their Soviet, occupied city of Berlin (Wikipedia, 2020).
The war on the Pacific carried on until July, when the US dropped the first ever to be used in combat Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The emperor was forced to surrender to avoid any more civilian casualties.
Germany was divided in 2, to the East the Soviets would occupy those territories, and to the west it would be divided to France, England and the US.
These countries helped Germany to come back from what happened, by following their own agenda.
This marked the beginning of the Cold War.
The UN was formed.
The conflict between Israel and Palestine began.
The world powers begin withdrawing themselves from their respective colonies.
They financed wars all over the globe to gain the countries favor, like the Korean War, the war on Vietnam or the Revolution of Nicaragua. Even though the Cold War is over, conflicts such as the civil war in Syria, both sides are allegedly funded by the US and Russia. Another example, Russia openly funds and aids Iran while the US would wipe of it off the map if they could.
During this period, the world almost falls to a third World War that would be fought with Atomic Bombs due to events like the Cuban missile crisis.
The Cold War ended on 1991 with the formal dissolution of the USSR, 2 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall and unification of Germany.
Birth control pills are invented (Wikipedia, 2020).
The civil rights movement is born in the US, from which the african-amercan people would gain their civil rights. Nevertheless, people around the world still suffer from violence and racism, as can be seen in the US today.
The hippie movement who were against all type of violence, and was in favor of the religious diversity and the LGBTQ+ community and their rights.
They also were activists for the environment and addressed the growing climate change.
The US puts the first men on the Moon, winning the Space Race and showing superiority over the USSR.
The Iranian revolution turned Iran into an islamic state, stripping various groups of their rights.
They also inspired neighbor countries, terrorist and radical groups were born from here, eventually leading to 9/11 and the US intervention in the Middle East (Wikipedia, 2020).
Fall of the Berlin Wall.
Exxon Valdez Oil spill.
Irak invaded Kuwait and the US intervened, making their presence in the middle east even bigger.
Irak´s forces burnt thousands of oil wells that released millions of cubic meters of poisonous gases into the atmosphere (Wikipedia, 2020).
9/11
Terrorist attacks in the US by al-Qaeda.
This triggered the legal invasion of the US to Afghanistan to "free" Afghanistan from the Taliban regime. From here on, the US has had presence in the Middle East, invading countries like Irak, funding insurgencies like the ones in Syria and bombing countries like Iran.
One of the strongest hurricane ever to hit the US, that caused millions of dollars of damage and claimed hundreds of life. Consequence of the climate change (Wikipedia, 2020).
Mainly, it happened because banks gave out high risk credits to buy houses (an industry with a massive grow years before) with no warranties to anybody (History, 2019).
2016 presidential election in the US: Donald Trump becomes the president of the US and leaves the Paris Agreement, the WHO, begins a commercial war with China, goes back on laws for the immigrants and the LGBT community.
Great Britain leaves the European Union causing economic chaos across Europe.
There is a massive reformation in favor of the LGBT+ community across the world.
Was the biggest oil spill in history. It happened in the Gulf of Mexico. Hundreds of thousands of square kms of water became contaminated, poisoning countless forms of marine life (Pallardy, 2020).
An earthquake followed by a Tsunami in Japan caused the nuclear power plan in Fukushima to have a meltdown and an explosion, releasing radioactive particles to the atmosphere.
This accident made companies around the world in the nuclear buisness loose a giant amount of money.
This also made nuclear energy loose credibility (Wikipedia, 2020).
The hottest month ever in recorded history.
The Covid-19 Pandemic starts in Wuhan, China and is ongoing.
Around 25 million people worldwide have been infected (officially).
Officially, around 840,000 people have lost their life directly to this disease, leaded by the US, Brazil and Mexico.
Countries have experienced the biggest economic losses in years.
The end of the pandemic doesn´t look close (Wikipedia, 2020).
Carbon dioxide emissions saw a massive reduction in some parts of the world due to the halting of industrial activities.
https://docs.google.com/document/d/15eevCSY6xOhRibZCe-wT-_Bd6YW91IOqT-wb0MGdZdQ/edit?usp=sharing