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Transcript

CRIMES OF ANATOMY

TIMELINE

Diya Shekar, Regina Rivera

Mythical Father of Chinese Medicine

2600 B.C.

Huang Ti- in Ancient China, Confucian doctrine considered dissection a defilement of the human body and forbade its practice. This was a problem Huang Ti who set out to write an authoritative medical and anatomical text. 2600 B.C.

Alexandria Egypt, Circa

300 B.C.

In Alexandria, King Ptolemy I was the first leader to deem it okay for medical types to cut open the dead for the purpose of figuring out how bodies work. In part, this had to do with Egypt's long tradtition of mummification. 300 B.C.

Philosopher Alcmaeon

500 B.C.

Alcmaeon may have been one of the first to have dissected animals for anatomical purposes and possibly identify the optic nerves and eustachian tubes. 500 B.C.

Leonardo da Vinci

1489

Leonardo began a series of anatomical drawings depicting the ideal human form. During this time he made us of his anatomical knowledge in his artwork, making many sketches of skeletal structures, muscles, and organs of humans and other vertebraes that he dissected.

Bartolomeo Eustachio

1563

Eustachio was the first anatomist to describe the structure of the dental pulp, periodontal membrane, thoracic duct, abducen nerves, and adrenal glands. 1563

Britain sentencing option

1752

Dissection as a sentecing option for murderes was mandated in 1752, Britain as an alternative to postmorten gibbeting. 1752

London Anatomy

1828

In 1828, the demand for bodies in schools were so high, 10 full time and 200 part time people were hired to get bodies during dissecting season. 1 gang of 6 or 7 ressurrectionists dug up 312 bodies in one period. Jobs paid almost 5-10 times the amount of the average unskilled laborer. 1828

The Anatomy Act

The only bodies available for dissection in Britain were bodies of executed murderers. 1836

1836

The First Heart Transplant

The first heart transplant and the passing of the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act, raised awareness of the head for organs for transplantation & of body donation as an option. 1960

1960

Karen Greenlee

1979

Karen Greenlee was caught absconding with a dead young man in 1979, she was fined for illegally driving a hearse but not for the act itself, as California had no statutes reguarding sex with the dead. 1979

Oscar T Hernandez

1992

The case centered around a garbage scavenger, Oscar Hernandez, who had survived a murder attempt against him and sending his body to the local medical school as an anatomy lab specimen. 1992

Norimitsu Onishi interview

2002

Onishi interviewed a student at Kandahar Medical College who made the anguishing descision to dig up the bones of his grandma and share them which started the trend of sneaking into a graveyard and digging up people's relatives bodies, known as body snatching. 2002

Medical School Class of 2004

2004

A memorial service for the unnamed cadavers of the University of California, San Fransisco, was held. 2004

Reflections

I think the way some people have learned about human bodies was maybe unnecessary at least when it comes to things like body snatching and murdering people just for your benefit. Ethical history is important to consider while learning because ethics affect how we choose to learn and who learns off of us. Sometimes unethical descisions need to be made for anything to happen but only soemtimes. In some cases the ends justify the means but in some cases like the Karen Greenlee case or the Oscar Hernandez case, the ends do not justify the means. In the cases of the body snatching, I think even though it wasn't the right thing to do, it did end up working out for the students so I think it did get justified. Learning about controversial contributions didn't really change my perspective of Anatomy and Physiology it just showed me the lengths some people go to learn about it.

Diya

The way science has evolved is fascinating especially in anatomy. I feel that it was necessary to expriment to be able to learn about the body weather it was ethical or not. Ethical in the old days is different from what we consider ethical now a days. Unethical practices had to be made in order to learn about the body because nothing was known and everything was just being discovered.The results were ultimately worth it in my opinion as we have learned so much that all started with the most unethical and ridiculous stuff. Learning about the controversial contributions doesn’t change my perspective on anatomy and physiology although some of it was a bit disturbing it didn’t really change my mind because as I said before it’s necessary to experiment in order to learn.

Regina

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