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Ethnographic Research Design
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Ethnographic Research Design
Creswell, J.W. (2015). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall.
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Theoretical Underpinnings & Grounding Assumptions
- qualitative design
- studying a culture-sharing group of people in their environment (how they behave, think, and talk)
- focused on studying the culture
- Ethnographer spends time "in the field" to gather data
When do you use Ethnography?
- to capture "rules" of behavior of a culture-sharing group (shared values, beliefs, and language)
- long term access to the culture sharing group to gain record of behavior and beliefs over time
- can be observer or participant
How did Ethnography develop?
- stemmed from cultural anthropology and sociology
- to provide "objective" accounts and "insider" perspectives
Approaches to Ethnographic Design
Approaches to Ethnographic Design
There are various types of approaches to ethnographic research, depending on the chosen purpose of inquiry.
Realist Ethnographies
- objectively reporting information learned from participants at the field site (third person)
- includes no personal reflections - just reports on the "facts"
- final interpretation and presentation is made by ethnographer
Case Study
- "indepth exploration of a bounded system"
- an activity or event
- process
- individuals
- focusing on specific activity or event involving indivduals rather than focusing on a group
Instrinsic Case
- "case" is unusual and of interest
Instrinsic Case
Instrumental Case
- the case or cases is used to illustrate an issue
Collective Case Study
- multiple cases are studied and compared to give insight on an issue
Critical Ethnography
- advocating for marginalized groups in society and addressing social issues (empowerment, inequality, victimization, etc.)
Collecting & Analyzing Data
Collecting & Analyzing Data
- Researchers gather data in the setting of the participants in a variety of different ways such as:
- casual conversations
- observations
- interviews and questionnaires
- audiovisual materials (i.e. photos)
Types of Data
- Emic Data:
- information given by the participant
- Etic Data:
- information representing ethnographer's interpretation of participants perspective
- Negotiation Data:
- Information researcher and participant agree to use in the study
Reporting Data
- Description:
- needs to be "detailed and thick" and identify specifics
- Thematic Data Analysis:
- developing themes from data
- ethnographer "codes" data to find nonoverlapping themes
- Interpretation:
- ethnographer makes inferences and draws conclusions
Researcher Reflexivity
Researcher Reflexivity
- interpretations and reporting of data is done Reflexively
- researcher is aware of his/her role in the study that respects the context site and participants
- conclusions are often inconclusive
Ethical Issues & Credibility
- Clifford & Marcus (1986) challenged ethnography on issues of "representation" and "legitimacy"
Ethical Issues & Credibility
Ethnographers must be:
- open and transparent about gathering data
- respect participants, cause no harm, preserving dignity, and ensure privacy
- aware of potential negative influences their presentations may have on population
- practice reflexivity!
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