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Malaria
Group 9
INTRO
Malaria is a disease transmitted by mosquito that affects humans and other animals.
The disease is most commonly spread by an infected female Anopheles mosquito.
INTRO
by nawar
parasites that cause malaria is belong to the genus Plasmodium
Anopheles
is a genus of mosquito first described and named by J. W. Meigen in 1818.
About 460 species are recognised; while over 100 can transmit human malaria, only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus Plasmodium,
Anopheles
Like all mosquitoes, anophelines go through four stages in their life cycles: egg, larva, pupa, and imago.
Anopheles life stages
eggs
Eggs
Larva
Pupa
Adult
Malaria parasite
types of plasmodium
by mehvan
There are several species (kinds) of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans:
plasmodium falciparum
which causes serious disease
VALUES
TEAM
Plasmodium malariae
which causes milder disease
plasmodium ovale
causes milder disease
Title
Plasmodium vivax
causes milder disease
Title
Plasmodium knowesli
species which normally infect other primates
Title
Signs and symptoms
signs and symptoms
by jomaa
PROGRAM 1
Generally the presentation may include:
- headache
- fever
- shivering
- joint pain
- vomiting
- anemia
- jaundice
- hemoglobin in the urine
- eye damage
- convulsions
PROGRAM 2
specifically
The classic symptom of malaria is paroxysm—a cyclical occurrence of sudden coldness followed by shivering and then fever and sweating, occurring :
- every two days (tertian fever) in P. vivax and P. ovale infections,
- every three days (quartan fever) for P. malariae.
- P. falciparum infection can cause recurrent fever every 36–48 hours, or a less pronounced and almost continuous fever.
diagnosis
diagnosis
by bayan
Title
diagnosis of malaria in non-endemic areas requires a high degree of suspicion, which might be elicited by any of the following: recent travel history, enlarged spleen, fever, low number of platelets in the blood, and higher-than-normal levels of bilirubin in the blood combined with a normal level of white blood cells
Malaria is usually confirmed by the microscopic examination of blood films or by antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDT)
Title
Microscopy is the most commonly used method to detect the malarial parasite—about 165 million blood films were examined for malaria in 2010
Title
Title
Although polymerase chain reaction-based tests have been developed, they are not widely used in areas where malaria is common as of 2012, due to their complexity
prevention
prevention
by dilshad
prevention
There is no vaccine for malaria
Title
prevention
Methods used to prevent malaria include medications, mosquito elimination and the prevention of bites
Title
prevention
Title
The presence of malaria in an area requires a combination of high human population density, high anopheles mosquito population density and high rates of transmission from humans to mosquitoes and from mosquitoes to humans.
prevention
Title
Vector control refers to methods used to decrease malaria by reducing the levels of transmission by mosquitoes. For individual protection, the most effective insect repellents are based on DEET or picaridin.[62] Insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) have been shown highly effective in preventing malaria among children in areas where malaria is common
treatment
treatment
by ali
treatment
Title
Malaria is treated with antimalarial medications; the ones used depends on the type and severity of the disease. While medications against fever are commonly used, their effects on outcomes are not clear.
treatment
Title
Simple or uncomplicated malaria may be treated with oral medications. The most effective treatment for P. falciparum infection is the use of artemisinins in combination with other antimalarials (known as artemisinin-combination therapy, or ACT), which decreases resistance to any single drug component