PSIR

Certificate showing that the person is included in the white race

Certificate

It is a sign that dogs and non-whites cannot enter that area.

Signboard

Population Registered Act

Prohibited mixed marriages

3. Group Areas Act in 1950 the population recorded according to racial classification and each race group was forced to live in a certain regions

4. The Reservation and Separate Amenitiess Act in 1953, required the separation of facilities and vehicles in public spaces such as post offices, buses, parking spaces, toilets as blacks and whites.

• 5. Bantu Education Act in 1953 introduced the education system based on racial discrimination. Their education policy is to educate the black youth as an unskilled labor market member. Black and white people were also banned from attending the same university.

Preceding Events

PRECEDING EVENTS

South African governments since the eighteenth century had enacted measures to restrict the flow of black South Africans into cities. Pass laws intended to control and direct their movement and employment were updated in the 1950s. Under the country's National Party government, black residents in urban districts were subject to influx control measures. Individuals over sixteen were required to carry passbooks, which contained an identity card, employment and influx authorization from a labour bureau, name of employer and address, and details of personal history. Leading up to the Sharpeville Massacre, the National Party administration under leadership of Dr. Hendrik Verwoerd used these laws to enforce greater racial segregation and, in 1959-1960, extended them to include women. From the 1960s, the pass laws were the primary instrument used by the state detain and harass its political opponents.

Reactions

REACTIONS

• Black people reacted strongly to the incident, organized demonstrations, protest marches, went on strike and started riots.
• International circles also reacted and protested took place in many countries.
• The United Nations adopted Resolution 134 of 1 April 1960 and condemned the incident.
• The massacre caused South Africa's international isolation and triggered the country's separation from the Commonwealth in 1961.

Causes

CAUSES

• The police were on the edge because nine members had been killed in riots in Cato Manor.
• The senior police officers there gave no clear instructions about the crowd or what to do.
• Tsolo, who led the crowd, was arrested and so it had no leader and no instructions to follow.
• The protesters refused to listen to the police, who had asked them to move to a football field.
• The conflict and the racist ideology of apartheid is another factor. (Humphrey)

Aftermath

AFTERMATH

• Since 1994, 21 March has been commemorated as Human Rights Day in South Africa.
• Sharpeville was the site selected by President Nelson Mandela for the signing into law of the Constitution of South Africa on 10 December 1996.
• On 21 March 2002, the 42nd anniversary of the massacre, a memorial was opened by former President Nelson Mandela as part of the Sharpeville Human Rights Precinct.
• UNESCO marks 21 March as the yearly International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, in memory of the massacre.

THE DEFENDANTS

CHARGES

recruiting persons for training in the preparation and use of explosives and in guerrilla warfare for the purpose of violent revolution and committing acts of sabotage

conspiring to commit the aforementioned acts and to aid foreign military units when they invaded the Republic,

acting in these ways to further the objectives of communism

soliciting and receiving money for these purposes from sympathizers in Algeria, Ethiopia, Liberia, Nigeria, Tunisia, and elsewhere.

The trial was condemned by the United Nations Security Council and nations around the world, leading to international sanctions against the South African government in some cases.

CHARGES

Arthur Goldreich and Harold Wolpe escaped from The Fort prison in Johannesburg while on remand after bribing a prison guard. After hiding in various safe houses for two months they escaped to Swaziland dressed as priests with the aid of Manni Brown who posed as a tour operator as a cover to deliver weapons to the ANC. From Swaziland, Vernon Berrangé was to charter a plane to take them on to Lobatse, a small town in south-eastern Botswana.

Wolpe's escape saw his brother-in-law James Kantor, who had been serving as a member of the defence team, arrested and charged with the same crimes as Mandela and his co-accused. Harry Schwarz, a close friend and a well-known politician, acted as his defence. After being dealt with aggressively by the prosecutor Percy Yutar, who sought to portray him as a vital cog of MK, Kantor was discharged by Judge Quartus de Wet, who ruled that he had no case to answer. Following his release, Kantor fled the country. He was to die of a massive heart attack in 1975.

ESCAPES

At the beginning of the defence's proceedings, Nelson Mandela gave a three-hour speech from the defendant's dock, in which he explained and defended the ANC's key political positions.

He justified the movement's decision, in view of the increasing restrictions on permitted political activity on the part of non-White Africans, to go beyond its earlier use of constitutional methods and Gandhian non-violent opposition to the state, embracing a campaign of sabotage against property , while also starting to train a military wing for possible future use. He also discussed in some detail the relationship between the ANC and the SACP, explaining that, while the two shared a commitment to action against the apartheid system, he was wedded to a model of constitutional democracy for South Africa , and also supported a market economy rather than a communist economic model.

MANDELA'S SPEECH

Although the prosecution did not formally request the death penalty,close observers of the trial considered such a sentence to be implicit in the prosecutor's presentation of his case.Opposition to the death penalty included both public campaigns internationally and the defence's arguments within the courtroom. Harold Hanson was called upon to argue in mitigation. He compared the African struggle for rights to the earlier Afrikaans struggle, citing precedents for temperate sentencing, even in cases of treason. Eight defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment.

Nelson Mandela spent 27 years and eight months in prison as a result of the Rivonia trial (18 years of which were spent on Robben Island). He was released on 11 February 1990 by order of President F. W. de Klerk.

RESULTS

• Tin Houses
• White people could not come there
• The first black demonstrations and protests
• Black people wanted to same opportunities with white people. Because of this, they protested. One of these protests is called as "Soweto Uprising".

SOWETO UPRISING

• 16 June 1976
• Thousands elementary, middle and high school black students
• Reason: Inequality in education an Afrikaans language
• "No Afrikaans Education"
• Lots of black people have been killed.

• This uprising reflected to media

Nelson Mandela's Life Story

His Life

South African Anti Apartheid (anti-discrimination) activist and the first black president of the Republic of South Africa.Nelson Mandela was born in 1918 in a small village in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. His grandfather was the king of the Thembu tribe, and his father was the chief of the tribe. In South Africa, he is known as Madiba he was called to the tribe.His teacher gave to name Nelson in English lesson.

Nelson Mandela's Life Story

How Mandela Changed South Africa

On May 10, 1994, Mandela assumed office as the country's first democratically elected president. After that date, Mandela would make a major contribution to the development of his country until 1999 when he left his post. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased from $ 5,760 in the country to $ 6,679 in 10 years. • Trade in the country has increased and welfare has been increased accordingly. • Health sector expenditures in the country increased. In 2009, 3 out of 4 people now have electricity. At the same time, established “sanitation facilities (such as toilets) increased the living conditions of people. After a while, he resigned from his post in 1999 and started working in Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, which he founded in 1995. He also founded the Nelson Mandela Foundation.

How Mandela Change South Africa

Prepared to die

Nelson Mandela's Most Famous Speeches

Nelson Mandela's Most Famous Speeches

A rainbow nation

We shall build a society in which all South Africans, both black and white, will be able to walk tall without any fear in their hearts, assured of the inalienable right to human dignity, a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world."

"Never, never, and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression of one by another... The sun shall never set on so glorious a human achievement. Let freedom reign. God bless Africa!"

Nelson Mandela made this speech when he was made President of South Africa on 10 May 1994.

Who is Steve Biko?

• He was born in 1974.
• His mother's working condition was very bad.
• He started medicine education.
• He participated National Association of South African Students (NUSAS)

• He established South African Student Organization (SASO)
• He was affected from Malcolm X and Franz Fanon’s books
• he developed “Black Consciousness” idea
• “Black is Good”
• “Black Power”

• He established The Black Peoples Convention (BPC).
• Biko was chosen as a president.
• He fired from university.
• He was detained.

He was born in 1869, India. He is the spiritual and political leader of India and Indian Independence movement. His opinions are known as «Gandizm». He is the pioneer of «Satyagraha philosophy» which is about a non-violental but active disobedience against the evil,also loyalty to the truth. This philosophy brought India it’s independence and became an inspiration to citizens rights defenders and freedom defenders.

Mahatma was a lawyer but he could’t be successful in any of his working experiences and couldn’t work for a long time in his own country. So he agreed to go to South Africa to work with an Indian company in 1893.

Gandhi was exposed to the discrimination that Indians suffer in South Africa. First in Pietermaritzburg, he was forcibly put off the train because he didn’t sit at the third class position, even though he had a first class ticket. Then, while he was continuing his journey on a cart, a white European wanted to use the cart too but there were no place left. So they told Ghandi to sit over a ladder and travel outside of the card. Ghandi didn’t accept it so he got beaten by the driver. Gandhi experienced difficulties such as not being accepted to the hotels. In Durban Court, when the judge asked him to take his turban off, he refused. These events opened his eyes about social injustice , made a critical point in his life and made the fundamentals of social activism.

Gandhi, stayed in Africa longer than he planned because he tried to help Indians stand against a law draft that enables Indians to vote. He was not successful about this law, but he took attention to the problems that Indians face in South Africa. In 1984, he founded Natal Indıan Congress and all Indians supported him, and by using this organization he had political power. In 1987, Gandhi had a visit to Indıa. When he Came back, a group of white people attacked Gandhi. But he didn’t take this eventto the court because of his “not bringing evil things that was done to him to court” principle.

In 1906, thousands of Indians, including Gandhi, was arrested and tortured and even killed because of non-violent contumacies such as going on a strike, refuse to register, burn the register cards. Government was successful about suppressing the protesters but these hard and violent acts made a huge objection in public opinion. So south African General Christian Smuts had to compromise with Gandhi.

In 1946, Gandhi was murdered by a conspirator. But even after his death, his live style, opinions and philosophy affected many people, leaders and politicians. Martin Luther King, Nelson Mandela. A lot of books were written about him. Even musician John Lennon talked about Gandhi while talking about his anti-violence opinions.