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Evidence of Evolution

Chiroptera(Bats)

Summer Carfagno

Period 5/6

  • Roosting adaptations
  • Nocturnal
  • Circulatory system
  • Wings and Flight
  • Skull

Shared Characteristics

Mexican Long-tongued Bat, Choeronycteris mexicana

Location found & habitat specific information

-normally found in Mexico

-ranges throughout Central America and northern south America even in southern southern Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California

- live in desert, montane, riparian, to pinyon-ju-niper habitats

https://users.humboldt.edu/joe/image-46.htm

Behavioral characteristics

-nocturnal

-found in groups of several or singly alone

-migrate

-social

-live close together

Physical characteristics

(internal & external)

-medium sized

-have long leaf sized nose

-tongue extends 1/3 of its body

-gray/brown colored fur

-big eyes

-contains 30 teeth

California Myotis, Myotis Californicus

Location found & habitat specific information

-found in forest it desert conditions

-appears more in open areas of slack water

- lives in rocky hillsides, rocky outcrops, buildings, trees with exfoliating bark, and cavities in snags

-hibernate in mines and caves

-can be found seaside as well

http://oregonconservationstrategy.com/strategy-species/california-myotis/

Physical characteristics

(internal & external)

-fur is brownish chestnut and tends to have a yellowish cast

-skull is not flattened

-rounded ears

-the inner ear is only ¼ the size of the pointed ear itself

-cartilage is turned over to the side of the foot

-one of the smallest bats

Behavioral characteristics

-roost alone or in small groups when its warmer

- nocturnal

-hunt after sunset until dawn

Common name-Big Free-tailed Bat, Nyctinomops macrotis

Location found & habitat specific information

-rugged and rocky terrain

-travels seasonally from Mexico to the southwestern United States (Texas, Arizona, California, Nevada, Colorado)

-prefer rocky cliffs

-roosting in buildings and in terrestrial plants including ponderosa pines, douglas firs, and desert shrubs

Diet (all bats)

Insects

Fruit

Nectar

Small mammals

Fish

Range

Cna be found anywhere besides polar regions an extreme desert conditions

Mostly found in North America

Behavior

Involved with a high sense of hearing

find shelter in caves, crevices, tree cavities and buildings

During the winter season they migrate or go into hibernation

Reproduction

Slowest reproducing mammal

Weighing about 25% of the mother's body weight

Usually only gives birth to one pup

http://www.emnrd.state.nm.us/MMD/AML/Bat-BigFreeTail.html

Physical characteristics

(internal & external)

-males are usually larger than the females are

-very velvety, glossy, seemingly almost greasy to the touch

-oat is bi-colored, dorsally dark red to dark brown

- wings long and narrow

-membrane of the wing is thin and leathery

-tail extends freely

-the ears lay forward and connect at the bases on the top of the head

-muzzle is fairly thin

-short but very strong legs

Behavioral characteristics

-strictly nocturnal

-only leaves the roost after sundown

-known to hunt in small groups

-strong flying habits and have a tendency to wander

-tend not to be aggressive but do bite

Embryology

  • Forelimb buds form; tail bud forms; caudal neuropore closes; 3 pharyngeal arches. =40 dpc
  • Retinal pigment; nasal pits; end of somitogenesis; propatagium and plagiopatagium primordia; hindlimb =44 dpc
  • Hand plate and footplate form; lens vesicle; auditory hillocks; premaxillary centersv =46 dpc
  • Nose-leaf primordium; pinna and tragus form; forelimb digital condensations =50 dpc
  • Tongue protruding; cervical flexure straightens; hindlimb interdigit tissue receding; eyes begin to close =54 dpc

Embryology pt. 2

  • Free thumb; head and body smoother, rounder; eyes half-closed; postaxial flexure at wrist; calcar =60 dpc
  • Distal forelimbs overlap over face; head larger; eyelids cover pigmented retina; claw primordia form =70dpc
  • Prominent, triangular nose-leaf; eyelids reopening; wing membranes corrugated; claws pigmented, hooked =80 dpc
  • Fetal period commences; eyes completely open; face and nose-leaf pigmenting =90 dpc

Anatomy (Wings)

Scientists think birds descended from small, feathered dinosaurs roughly 150 million years ago. They survived the asteroid impact.

https://askabiologist.asu.edu/human-bird-and-bat-bone-comparison

Bats, which generally are nocturnal, are the only mammals to have developed powered flight — some like flying squirrels glide but do not fly. Bats arose about 50 million years ago.

The wing structure of bats and birds differs. Birds have feathers projecting back from lightweight, fused arm and hand bones. Bats have flexible, relatively short wings with membranes stretched between elongated fingers.

Chromosomal Analysis

  • This shows that there are deletions
  • The C and G bindings are differnt within each bat
  • Extra pair of autosomes

Biochemisty

Bat hemoglobin resembles other mammals

http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/122/25/4047/tab-figures-only

Bat heart and muscle have identical LDH isozyme profiles

https://whatsinjohnsfreezer.com/2016/02/12/bkam1_cfl/

http://tweetboard.me/internal-anatomy-of-a-bat/internal-anatomy-of-a-bat-manta-ray-faq/

Major low ionic strength extractabe proteins show a number of differences at the generic level, as well as some polymorphisms which cross species lines

The protein studies indicate that bats have great individual variation

had not had time to accumulate extensive divergent species specificity

Conclusion

  • Speciation was gradual
  • There was a divergent evolution
  • have not had time to accumulate extensive divergent species specificity

Darwin's Theory

Natural Selection

  • necks
  • diet
  • skull size
  • jaw function

Descent whith modification

traits are passed on by what is best for survival

https://phys.org/news/2016-05-reveals-traits-evolutionary-history-carnivorous.html

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0010406X66901174

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2764348/

https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Bat_Development

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bats-flight/bats-and-birds-quite-different-fliers-idUSN1047841920070510

https://imnh.iri.isu.edu/digitalatlas/bio/mammal/bats/camy/camyfrm.htm

http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Myotis_californicus/

https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nyctinomops_macrotis/

http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Choeronycteris_mexicana/

Sources

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